<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<!DOCTYPE article PUBLIC "-//NLM//DTD JATS (Z39.96) Journal Publishing DTD v1.3 20210610//EN" "JATS-journalpublishing1-3.dtd">
<article article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.3" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xml:lang="ru"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">rmt</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="ru">Общая реаниматология</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>General Reanimatology</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn pub-type="ppub">1813-9779</issn><issn pub-type="epub">2411-7110</issn><publisher><publisher-name>FSBI "SRIGR" RAMS</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.15360/1813-9779-2016-6-27-38</article-id><article-id custom-type="elpub" pub-id-type="custom">rmt-1560</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>УЛУЧШЕНИЕ РАБОТЫ ОРИТ</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>OPTIMIZATION OF ICU</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title>Оценка качества базовых и расширенных реанимационных мероприятий в многопрофильном стационаре (симуляционный курс)</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Assessment of the Quality of Basic and Expanded Resuscitative Measures in a Multifield Hospital (Simulation Course)</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Кузовлев</surname><given-names>А. Н.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Kuzovlev</surname><given-names>A. N.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>107031, г. Москва, ул. Петровка, д. 25, стр. 2</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>25 Petrovka Str., Build. 2, Moscow 107031</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">artem_kuzovlev@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Абдусаламов</surname><given-names>С. Н.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Abdusalamov</surname><given-names>S. N.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>125371, г. Москва, Волоколамское шоссе, д. 91</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>91 Volokolamskoye Highway, Moscow 125371</p></bio><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-2"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Кузьмичев</surname><given-names>К. А.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Kuz'michev</surname><given-names>K. A.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>111123, г. Москва, шоссе Энтузиастов, д. 86</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>86 Entuziastov Highway, Moscow 111123</p></bio><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-3"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff-1"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>НИИ общей реаниматологии им. В. А. Неговского</institution><country>Россия</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>V. A. Negovsky Research Institute of General Reanimatology</institution><country>Russian Federation</country></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff-2"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>Институт повышения квалификации Федерального медикобиологического агентства России</institution><country>Россия</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>Advanced Training Institute, Federal MedicoBiological Agency of Russia</institution><country>Russian Federation</country></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff-3"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>Московский Клинический НаучноПрактический Центр</institution><country>Россия</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>Moscow Clinical Theoretical and Practical Center</institution><country>Russian Federation</country></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date pub-type="collection"><year>2016</year></pub-date><pub-date pub-type="epub"><day>25</day><month>01</month><year>2017</year></pub-date><volume>12</volume><issue>6</issue><fpage>27</fpage><lpage>38</lpage><permissions><copyright-statement>Copyright &amp;#x00A9; Кузовлев А.Н., Абдусаламов С.Н., Кузьмичев К.А., 2017</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2017</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Кузовлев А.Н., Абдусаламов С.Н., Кузьмичев К.А.</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Kuzovlev A.N., Abdusalamov S.N., Kuz'michev K.A.</copyright-holder><license xml:lang="ru" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>Данная работа распространяется под лицензией Creative Commons Attribution 4.0.</license-p></license><license xml:lang="en" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.</license-p></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://www.reanimatology.com/rmt/article/view/1560">https://www.reanimatology.com/rmt/article/view/1560</self-uri><abstract><p>На выживаемость больных при внезапной остановке кровообращения (ВОК) влияет не только немедленное начало реанимационных мероприятий, но и их качество.</p><sec><title>Цель исследования</title><p>Цель исследования. Оценить в рамках симуляционного курса соответствие современным национальным и международным рекомендациям базовых и расширенных реанимационных мероприятий, проводимых медицинскими работниками в стационаре.</p></sec><sec><title>Материалы и методы</title><p>Материалы и методы. Исследование проведено в многопрофильном стационаре г. Москвы в 2016 г. и организовано в два этапа. На первом этапе в рамках симуляционного курса проводилась оценка владения медицинскими работниками навыками базовой сердечнолегочной реанимации (СЛР) и качества выполнения компрессий грудной клетки (КГК); на втором — навыками расширенной СЛР и работы в составе реанимационных бригад. Во время выполнения бригадами учебного сценария проводилась аудио и видео запись, а также регистрировались параметры КГК с помощью датчика контроля качества КГК (далее — датчик) и аудиовизуальных подсказок прибора. В качестве референсных критериев использовали рекомендации Европейского совета по реанимации 2015 г. Анализ полученных данных проводился с помощью программного обеспечения ZOLL RescueNet Code Review®. Статистический анализ данных был выполненпри помощи пакета Statistica 7,0 (тест МаннаУитни), данные были представлены в виде средней, медианы ± 25 —75 перцентилей (2575 IQR), минимальных и максимальных значений. Достоверным считалось различие при p&lt;0,05.</p></sec><sec><title>Результаты</title><p>Результаты. При проведении СЛР без использования датчика и аудиовизуальных подсказок у большинства медицинских работников результаты были неудовлетворительными: процент целевых КГК составил не более 10% у 72% медицинских работников (n=18). При проведении СЛР с использованием датчика и аудиовизуальными подсказками по качеству КГК процент целевых КГК составил 65,7%, что было достоверно выше, чем при работе без датчика и подсказок (p=0,0000). Если без использования датчика и подсказок целевые КГК выполнил только один медицинский работник (4%), то с датчиком — 12 (48%) (p=0,0000). Во всех реанимационных бригадах было зарегистрировано несоответствие последовательности действий алгоритму расширенной реанимации ЕСР 2015 г. и неэффективная командная работа. Компрессии грудной клетки не соответствовали рекомендованным параметрам, паузы до и после нанесения разряда дефибриллятора — длительными; в большинстве случаев при проведении искусственной вентиляции легких была гипервентиляция. В одной из реанимационных бригад был нарушен принцип безопасности при проведении дефибрилляции.</p></sec><sec><title>Заключение</title><p>Заключение. Полученные нами данные свидетельствуют о недостаточном владении медицинскими работниками стационара практическими навыками базовой и расширенной СЛР. В связи с этим актуальным является обучение и регулярный ретренинг медицинских работников в формате симуляционных курсов по базовой и расширенной СЛР (в соответствии с рекомендациями Европейского совета по реанимации 2015 г. и Национального совета по реанимации). На данных курсах и при проведении СЛР в стационаре целесообразно использовать технические средства контроля качества компрессий грудной клетки. Важным является проведение регулярных ретренингов для поддержания практического навыка на должном уровне, а также дебрифинг по качеству СЛР после каждого случая проведения реанимационных мероприятий в стационаре.</p></sec></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="en"><p>The survival of patients after the sudden circulatory arrest (SCA) depends not only on immediate onset of resuscitative measures, but also on their quality.</p><sec><title>The purpose of the study</title><p>The purpose of the study. The purpose is to assess the compliance of basic and expanded resuscitative measures carried out by healthcare providers in hospitals with modern national and international guidelines within the frames of a stimulation course.</p></sec><sec><title>Materials and Methods</title><p>Materials and Methods. The research was perfomed in a multifield hospital in Moscow, in 2016. It consisted of two phases. During the first phase, within the frames of a simulation course, providers' skills in the cardiopul monary resuscitation (CPR) and chest compression (CC) technique mastership were evaluated. During the second stage, their skills in expanded CPR and ability to work as a part of resuscitation teams were assessed. During the simulation, all team activities were recorded (both audio and video); CC parameters were also registered using a CC pressure control sensor (hereinafter referred to as a sensor) and audiovisual tips. The European Resuscitation Council Guidelines for Resuscitation 2015 were used as reference criteria. The analysis was performed using the ZOLL RescueNet Code Review® software. A statistical analysis was performed using the Statistica 7.0 software (MannWhitney Utest). The data were presented as a mean, median ± 25—75 percentiles (25—75 IQR), minimum and maximum values. The difference was considered significant at P&lt;0.05.</p></sec><sec><title>Results</title><p>Results. Test results of most healthcare providers were unsatisfactory when the CPR was performed without sensors and audiovisual tips: the percentage of target CCs was not more than 10% in 72% of providers (n=18). When the CPR was performed with sensors and audiovisual tips regulating the CC quality, the percentage of target CCs was 65.7%. i.e. it was significantly higher than that during the CPR without the sensor and the tips (P=0.0000). While only one provider was able to perform the target CC without the sensor and the tips (4%), 12 providers were able to do it with the sensor (48%) (P=0.0000). In all resuscitation teams, there was a lack in compliance with the ECR 2015 guidelines for expanded CPR, as well as ineffective team work was revealed. Chest compressions did not comply with recommended parameters; pauses before and after defibrillator discharge were too long. In most cases, there was hyperventilation during the artificial lung ventilation. The safety principle was not followed by one of resuscitation teams during the defibrillation procedure.</p></sec><sec><title>Conclusion</title><p>Conclusion. The obtained data demonstrate that healthcare providers have poor skills in basic and expanded CPR. Therefore, it is important to train and retrain healthcare providers in basic and expanded CPR within the frames of simulation training courses on a regular basis (in accordance with European Resuscitation Council Guidelines for Resuscitation 2015 and National Resuscitation Council). During training, the use of technical means of monitoring of the chest compression quality control in CPR should be warranted. It is important to arrange regular retraining in order to keep the skills uptodate, as well as regular debriefings on the CPR quality after each case of resuscitation measures in a hospital.</p></sec></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>cердечнолегочная реанимация</kwd><kwd>качество реанимации</kwd><kwd>реанимационные мероприятия</kwd><kwd>компрессии грудной клетки</kwd><kwd>дефибрилляция</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>cardiopulmonary resuscitation</kwd><kwd>resuscitation quality</kwd><kwd>resuscitation measures</kwd><kwd>chest compression</kwd><kwd>defibrillation</kwd></kwd-group></article-meta></front><back><ref-list><title>References</title><ref id="cit1"><label>1</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Monsieurs K.G., Nolan J.P., Bossaert L.L., Greif R., Maconochie I.K., Nikolaou N.I., Perkins G.D., Soar J., Truhlár… A., Wyllie J., Zideman D.A.; ERC Guidelines 2015 Writing Group. European Resuscitation Council Guidelines for Resuscitation 2015: Section 1. Executive summary. Resuscitation. 2015; 95: 1–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.resuscitation.2015.07.038. PMID: 26477410</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Monsieurs K.G., Nolan J.P., Bossaert L.L., Greif R., Maconochie I.K., Nikolaou  N.I., Perkins G.D., Soar J., Truhlár… A., Wyllie J., Zideman D.A.; ERC Guidelines  2015 Writing Group. European Resuscitation Council Guidelines for Resuscitation  2015: Section 1. Executive summary. Resuscitation. 2015; 95: 1–80.  http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.resuscitation.2015.07.038. PMID: 26477410</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit2"><label>2</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Лигатюк П.В., Перепелица С.А., Кузовлев А.Н., Лигатюк Д.Д. Симуляционное обучение в медицинском институте – неотъемлемая часть учебного процесса. Общая реаниматология. 2015; 11 (1): 64–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.15360/18139779201516471</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Ligatyuk P.V., Perepelitsa S.A., Kuzovlev A.N., Ligatyuk D.D. Simulyatsionnoe  obuchenie v meditsinskom institute – neotyemle maya chast uchebnogo protsessa.  Obshchaya Reanimatologiya. [Simulation training at a medical institute: an integral  part of the educational process. General Reanimatology]. 2015; 11 (1): 64–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.15360/18139779201516471. [In Russ.]</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit3"><label>3</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Wissenberg M., Lippert F., Folke F., Weeke P., Hansen C.M., Christensen E.F., Jans H., Hansen P.A., LangJensen T., Olesen J.B., Lindhardsen J., Fosbol E.L., Nielsen S.L., Gislason G.H., Kober L., TorpPedersen C. Association of national initiatives to improve cardiac arrest management with rates of bystander intervention and patient survival after outofhospital cardiac arrest. JAMA. 2013; 310 (13): 1377–1384. http://dx.doi.org/10.1001/jama.2013.278483. PMID: 24084923</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Wissenberg M., Lippert F., Folke F., Weeke P., Hansen C.M., Christensen E.F.,  Jans H., Hansen P.A., LangJensen T., Olesen J.B., Lindhardsen J., Fosbol E.L.,  Nielsen S.L., Gislason G.H., Kober L., Torp Pedersen C. Association of national  initiatives to improve cardiac arrest management with rates of bystander  intervention and patient survival after outofhospital cardiac arrest. JAMA. 2013;  310 (13): 1377–1384. http://dx.doi.org/10.1001/jama.2013.278483. PMID: 24084923</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit4"><label>4</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">HasselqvistAx I., Riva G., Herlitz J., Rosenqvist M., Hollenberg J., Nordberg P., Ringh M., Jonsson M., Axelsson C., Lindqvist J., Karlsson T., Svensson L. Early cardiopulmonary resuscitation in outofhospital cardiac arrest. N. Engl. J. Med. 2015; 372 (24): 2307–2315. http://dx.doi.org/10.1056/NEJMoa1405796. PMID: 26061835</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">HasselqvistAx I., Riva G., Herlitz J., Rosenqvist M., Hollenberg J., Nordberg P.,  Ringh M., Jonsson M., Axelsson C., Lindqvist J., Karlsson T., Svensson L. Early  cardiopulmonary resuscitation in outofhospital cardiac arrest. N. Engl. J. Med.  2015; 372 (24): 2307–2315. http://dx.doi.org/10.1056/NEJMoa1405796. PMID: 26061835</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit5"><label>5</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Hupfl M., Selig H., Nagele P. Chestcompressiononly versus standard cardiopulmonary resuscitation: a metaanalysis. Lancet. 2010; 376 (9752): 1552–1557. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S01406736(10)614547. PMID: 20951422</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Hupfl M., Selig H., Nagele P. Chestcompressiononly versus standard cardiopulmonary resuscitation: a metaanalysis. Lancet. 2010; 376 (9752): 1552–1557.  http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S01406736(10)614547. PMID: 20951422</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit6"><label>6</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Blom M., Beesems S., Homma P., Zijlstra J., Hulleman M., van Hoeijen D., Bardai A., Tijssen J., Tan H., Koster R. Improved survival after outof hospital cardiac arrest and use of automated external defibrillators. Circulation. 2014; 130 (21): 1868–1875. http://dx.doi.org/10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.114.010905. PMID: 25399395</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Blom M., Beesems S., Homma P., Zijlstra J., Hulleman M., van Hoeijen D., Bardai  A., Tijssen J., Tan H., Koster R. Improved survival after outof hospital cardiac  arrest and use of automated external defibrillators. Circulation. 2014; 130 (21):  1868–1875. http://dx.doi.org/10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.114.010905. PMID: 25399395</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit7"><label>7</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Berdowski J., Blom M., Bardai A., Tan H., Tijssen J., Koster R. Impact of on site or dispatched automated external defibrillator use on survival after outofhospital cardiac arrest. Circulation. 2011; 124 (20): 2225–2232. http://dx.doi.org/10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.110.015545. PMID: 22007075</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Berdowski J., Blom M., Bardai A., Tan H., Tijssen J., Koster R. Impact of on site  or dispatched automated external defibrillator use on survival after outofhospital  cardiac arrest. Circulation. 2011; 124 (20): 2225–2232.  http://dx.doi.org/10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.110.015545. PMID: 22007075</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit8"><label>8</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Ringh M., Rosenqvist M., Hollenberg J., Jonsson M., Fredman D., Nordberg P., JärnbertPettersson H., HasselqvistAx I., Riva G., Svensson L. Mobilephone dispatch of laypersonsfor CPR in outofhospital cardiac arrest. N. Engl. J. Med. 2015; 372 (24): 2316–2325. http://dx.doi.org/10.1056/NEJMoa1406038. PMID: 26061836</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Ringh M., Rosenqvist M., Hollenberg J., Jonsson M., Fredman D., Nordberg P., JärnbertPettersson H., HasselqvistAx I., Riva G., Svensson L. Mobilephone dispatch  of laypersonsfor CPR in outofhospital cardiac arrest. N. Engl. J. Med. 2015; 372  (24): 2316–2325. http://dx.doi.org/10.1056/NEJMoa1406038. PMID: 26061836</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit9"><label>9</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Cunningham L., Mattu A., O’Connor R., Brady W. Cardiopulmonary resuscitation for cardiac arrest: the importance of uninterrupted chest compressions in cardiac arrest resuscitation. Am. J. Emerg. Med. 2012; 30 (8): 16301638. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ajem.2012.02.015.PMID: 22633716</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Cunningham L., Mattu A., O’Connor R., Brady W. Cardiopulmonary resuscitation for  cardiac arrest: the importance of uninterrupted chest compressions in cardiac arrest  resuscitation. Am. J. Emerg. Med. 2012; 30 (8): 1630–1638.  http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ajem.2012.02.015.PMID: 22633716</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit10"><label>10</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Мороз В.В. (ред.). Рекомендации Европейского совета по реанимации по проведению реанимационных мероприятий. М.: Национальный совет по реанимации; 2016: 198.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Moroz V.V. (ed.). Rekomendatsii Evropeiskogo soveta po reanimatsii po  provedeniyu reanimatsionnykh meropriyatii. [European Resuscitation Council  Guidelines for Resuscitation]. Moscow: National Resuscitation Council; 2016: 198.  [In Russ.]</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit11"><label>11</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Eftestøl T., Sunde K., Aase S., Husøy J., Steen P.A. «Probability of successful defibrillation» as a monitor during CPR in outofhospital cardiac arrested patients. Resuscitation. 2001; 48 (3): 245–254. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S03009572(00)002665. PMID: 11278090</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Eftestøl T., Sunde K., Aase S., Husøy J., Steen P.A. «Probability of successful  defibrillation» as a monitor during CPR in outofhospital cardiac arrested patients.  Resuscitation. 2001; 48 (3): 245–254. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S03009572(00)002665. PMID: 11278090</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit12"><label>12</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Kolarova J., Ayoub I., Yi Z., Gazmuri R. Optimal timing for electrical defibrillation after prolonged untreated ventricular fibrillation. Crit. Сare Med. 2003; 31 (7): 2022–2028. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/01.CCM.0000070446.84095.F4. PMID: 12847399</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Kolarova J., Ayoub I., Yi Z., Gazmuri R. Optimal timing for electrical defibrillation after prolonged untreated ventricular fibrillation. Crit. Сare Med.  2003; 31 (7): 2022–2028. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/01.CCM.0000070446.84095.F4. PMID: 12847399</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit13"><label>13</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Cheskes S., Schmicker R., Verbeek P., Salcido D., Brown S., Brooks S., Menegazzi J., Vaillancourt C., Powell J., May S., Berg R., Sell R., Idris A., Kampp M., Schmidt T., Christenson J.; Resuscitation Outcomes Consortium (ROC) Investigators. The impact of perishock pause on survival from outofhospital shockable cardiac arrest during the Resuscitation Outcomes Consortium PRIMED trial. Resuscitation. 2014; 85 (3): 336–342. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.resuscitation.2013.10.014. PMID: 24513129</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Cheskes S., Schmicker R., Verbeek P., Salcido D., Brown S., Brooks S., Menegazzi  J., Vaillancourt C., Powell J., May S., Berg R., Sell R., Idris A., Kampp M.,  Schmidt T., Christenson J.; Resuscitation Outcomes Consortium (ROC) Investigators.  The impact of perishock pause on survival from outofhospital shockable cardiac  arrest during the Resuscitation Outcomes Consortium PRIMED trial. Resuscitation. 2014; 85 (3): 336–342. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.resuscitation.2013.10.014. PMID: 24513129</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit14"><label>14</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Cheskes S., Schmicker R., Christenson J., Salcido D., Rea T., Powell J., Edelson D., Sell R., May S., Menegazzi J., Van Ottingham L., Olsufka M., Pennington S., Simonini J., Berg R., Stiell I., Idris A., Bigham B., Morrison L.; Resuscitation Outcomes Consortium (ROC) Investigators. Perishock pause: an independent predictor of survival from outofhospital shockable cardiac arrest. Circulation. 2011; 124 (1): 58–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.110.010736. PMID: 21690495</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Cheskes S., Schmicker R., Christenson J., Salcido D., Rea T., Powell J., Edelson  D., Sell R., May S., Menegazzi J., Van Ottingham L., Olsufka M., Pennington S.,  Simonini J., Berg R., Stiell I., Idris A., Bigham B., Morrison L.; Resuscitation  Outcomes Consortium (ROC) Investigators. Perishock pause: an independent predictor  of survival from outofhospital shockable cardiac arrest. Circulation. 2011; 124 (1):   58–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.110.010736.PMID: 21690495</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit15"><label>15</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Vaillancourt C., EversonStewart S., Christenson J., Andrusiek D., Powell J., Nichol G., Cheskes S., Aufderheide T.P., Berg R., Stiell I.G.; Resuscitation Outcomes Consortium Investigators. The impact of increased chest com pression fraction on return of spontaneous circulation for outofhospital cardiac arrest patients not in ventricular fibrillation. Resuscitation. 2011; 82 (12): 1501–1507. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.resuscitation.2011.07.011. PMID: 21763252</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Vaillancourt C., EversonStewart S., Christenson J., Andrusiek D., Powell J., Nichol G., Cheskes S., Aufderheide T.P., Berg R., Stiell I.G.; Resuscitation Outcomes Consortium Investigators. The impact of increased chest compression  fraction on return of spontaneous circulation for outofhospital cardiac arrest  patients not in ventricular fibrillation. Resuscitation. 2011; 82 (12): 1501–1507.  http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/ j.resuscitation.2011.07.011. PMID: 21763252</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit16"><label>16</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Sell R., Sarno R., Lawrence B., Castillo E.M., Fisher R., Brainard C., Dunford J.V., Davis D. Minimizing pre and postdefibrillation pauses increases the likelihood of return of spontaneous circulation (ROSC). Resuscitation. 2010; 81 (7): 822–825. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.resuscitation.2010.03.013. PMID: 20398991</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Sell R., Sarno R., Lawrence B., Castillo E.M., Fisher R., Brainard C., Dunford  J.V., Davis D. Minimizing pre and postdefibrillation pauses increases the likelihood  of return of spontaneous circulation (ROSC). Resuscitation. 2010; 81 (7): 822–825.  http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.resuscitation.2010.03.013. PMID: 20398991</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit17"><label>17</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Christenson J., Andrusiek D., EversonStewart S., Kudenchuk P., Hostler D., Powell J., Callaway C.W., Bishop D., Vaillancourt C., Davis D., Aufderheide T.P., Idris A., Stouffer J.A., Stiell I., Berg R.; Resuscitation Outcomes Consortium Investigators. Chest compression fraction deter mines survival in patients with outofhospital ventricular fibrillation. Circulation. 2009; 120 (13): 1241–1247. http://dx.doi.org/10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.109.852202. PMID: 19752324</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Christenson J., Andrusiek D., EversonStewart S., Kudenchuk P., Hostler D.,  Powell J., Callaway C.W., Bishop D., Vaillancourt C., Davis D.,  Aufderheide T.P.,  Idris A., Stouffer J.A., Stiell I., Berg R.; Resuscitation Outcomes Consortium  Investigators. Chest compression fraction deter mines survival in patients with  outofhospital ventricular fibrillation. Circulation. 2009; 120 (13): 1241–1247.  http://dx.doi.org/10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.109.852202. PMID: 19752324</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit18"><label>18</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Vadeboncoeur T., Stolz U., Panchal A., Silver A., Venuti M., Tobin J., Smith G., Nunez M., Karamooz M., Spaite D., Bobrow B. Chest compression depth and survival in outofhospital cardiac arrest. Resuscitation. 2014; 85 (2): 182–188. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.resuscitation.2013.10.002. PMID: 24125742</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Vadeboncoeur T., Stolz U., Panchal A., Silver A., Venuti M., Tobin J., Smith G.,  Nunez M., Karamooz M., Spaite D., Bobrow B. Chest compression depth and survival in  outofhospital cardiac arrest. Resuscitation. 2014; 85 (2): 182–188.  http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.resuscitation.2013.10.002. PMID: 24125742</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit19"><label>19</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Stiell I., Brown S., Christenson J., Cheskes S., Nichol G., Powell J., Bigham B., Morrison L., Larsen J., Hess E., Vaillancourt C., Davis D., Callaway C.W.; Resuscitation Outcomes Consortium (ROC) Investigators. What is the role of chest compression depth during outofhospital cardiac arrest resuscitation? Crit. Care Med. 2012; 40 (4): 1192–1198. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/CCM.0b013e31823bc8bb. PMID: 22202708</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Stiell I., Brown S., Christenson J., Cheskes S., Nichol G., Powell J., Bigham B., Morrison L., Larsen J., Hess E., Vaillancourt C., Davis D., Callaway C.W.;  Resuscitation Outcomes Consortium (ROC) Investigators. What is the role of chest  compression depth during outofhospital cardiac arrest resuscitation? Crit. Care Med.  2012; 40 (4): 1192–1198. http://dx.doi.org/ 10.1097/CCM.0b013e31823bc8bb. PMID: 22202708</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit20"><label>20</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Idris A.H., Guffey D., Aufderheide T.P., Brown S., Morrison L.J., Nichols P., Powell J., Daya M., Bigham B.L., Atkins D.L., Berg R., Davis D., Stiell I., Sopko G., Nichol G.; Resuscitation Outcomes Consortium (ROC) Investigators. Relationship between chest compression rates and out comes from cardiac arrest. Circulation. 2012; 125 (24): 3004–3012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.111.059535. PMID: 22623717</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Idris A.H., Guffey D., Aufderheide T.P., Brown S., Morrison L.J., Nichols P.,  Powell J., Daya M., Bigham B.L., Atkins D.L., Berg R., Davis D., Stiell I., Sopko  G., Nichol G.; Resuscitation Outcomes Consortium (ROC) Investigators. Relationship  between chest compression rates and out comes from cardiac arrest. Circulation.  2012; 125 (24): 3004–3012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.111.059535. PMID: 22623717</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit21"><label>21</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Aufderheide T., Pirrallo R., Yannopoulos D., Klein J.P., von Briesen C., Sparks C.W., Deja K.A., Kitscha D.J., Provo T.A., Lurie K.G. Incomplete chest wall decompression: a clinical evaluation of CPR performance by trained laypersons and an assessment of alternative manual chest compressiondecompression techniques. Resuscitation. 2006; 71 (3): 341–351. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.resuscitation.2006.03.021. PMID: 17070644</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Aufderheide T., Pirrallo R., Yannopoulos D., Klein J.P., von Briesen C., Sparks  C.W., Deja K.A., Kitscha D.J., Provo T.A., Lurie K.G. Incomplete chest wall  decompression: a clinical evaluation of CPR performance by trained laypersons and an  assessment of alternative manual chest com pressiondecompression techniques.  Resuscitation. 2006; 71 (3): 341–351.  http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.resuscitation.2006.03.021.PMID: 17070644</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit22"><label>22</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Kovacs A., Vadeboncoeur T., Stolz U., Spaite D., Irisawa T., Silver A., Bobrow B.J. Chest compression release velocity: association with survival and favorable neurologic outcome after outofhospital cardiac arrest. Resuscitation. 2015; 92: 107–114. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.resuscitation.2015.04.026. PMID: 25936931</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Kovacs A., Vadeboncoeur T., Stolz U., Spaite D., Irisawa T., Silver A., Bobrow  B.J. Chest compression release velocity: association with survival and favorable  neurologic outcome after outofhospital cardiac arrest. Resuscitation. 2015; 92: 107– 114. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.resuscitation.2015.04.026. PMID: 25936931</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit23"><label>23</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Aufderheide T., Sigurdsson G., Pirrallo R., Yannopoulos D., McKnite S., von Briesen C., Sparks C., Conrad C.J., Provo T.A., Lurie K.G. Hyperventilationinduced hypotension during cardiopulmonary resuscitation. Circulation. 2004; 109 (16): 1960–1965. http://dx.doi.org/10.1161/01.CIR.0000126594.79136.61. PMID: 15066941</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Aufderheide T., Sigurdsson G., Pirrallo R., Yannopoulos D., McKnite S., von  Briesen C., Sparks C., Conrad C.J., Provo T.A., Lurie K.G. Hyperventilationinduced  hypotension during cardiopulmonary resuscitation. Circulation. 2004; 109 (16): 1960– 1965. http://dx.doi.org/10.1161/01.CIR.0000126594.79136.61. PMID: 15066941</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit24"><label>24</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Cheng A., Overly F., Kessler D., Nadkarni V., Lin Y., Doan Q., Duff J., Tofil N., Bhanji F., Adler M., Charnovich A., Hunt E., Brown L.; International Network for Simulationbased Pediatric Innovation, Research, Education (INSPIRE) CPR Investigators. Perception of CPR quality: Influence of CPR feedback, JustinTime CPR training and provider role. Resuscitation. 2015; 87: 44–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.resuscitation.2014.11.015. PMID: 25433294</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Cheng A., Overly F., Kessler D., Nadkarni V., Lin Y., Doan Q., Duff J., Tofil N., Bhanji F., Adler M., Charnovich A., Hunt E., Brown L.; International Network for  Simulationbased Pediatric Innovation, Research, Education (INSPIRE) CPR  Investigators. Perception of CPR quality: Influence of CPR feedback, JustinTime CPR  training and provider role. Resuscitation. 2015; 87: 44–50.  http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.resuscitation.2014.11.015. PMID: 25433294</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit25"><label>25</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">KramerJohansen J., Myklebust H., Wik L., Fellows B., Svensson L., Sørebø H., Steen P.A. Quality of outofhospital cardiopulmonary resus citation with real time automated feedback: a prospective interventional study. Resuscitation. 2006; 71 (3): 283–292. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.resuscitation.2006.05.011. PMID: 17070980</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">KramerJohansen J., Myklebust H., Wik L., Fellows B., Svensson L., Sørebø H.,  Steen P.A. Quality of outofhospital cardiopulmonary resuscitation with real time  automated feedback: a prospective interventional study. Resuscitation. 2006; 71 (3):  283–292. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.resuscitation.2006.05.011. PMID: 17070980</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit26"><label>26</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Bobrow B., Vadeboncoeur T., Stolz U., Silver A., Tobin J., Crawford S., Mason T., Schirmer J., Smith G.A., Spaite D. The influence of scenariobased training and realtime audiovisual feedback on outofhospital cardiopul monary resuscitation quality and survival from outofhospital cardiac arrest. Ann. Emerg. Med. 2013; 62 (1): 47–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.annemergmed.201212.020. PMID: 23465553</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Bobrow B., Vadeboncoeur T., Stolz U., Silver A., Tobin J., Crawford S., Mason T., Schirmer J., Smith G.A., Spaite D. The influence of scenariobased training and  realtime audiovisual feedback on outofhospital cardiopul monary resuscitation  quality and survival from outofhospital cardiac arrest. Ann. Emerg. Med. 2013; 62  (1): 47–56. http://dx.doi.org/10. 1016/j.annemergmed.201212.020. PMID: 23465553</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit27"><label>27</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Wolfe H., Zebuhr C., Topjian A., Nishisaki A., Niles D.E., Meaney P.A., Boyle L., Giordano R.T., Davis D., Priestley M., Apkon M., Berg R.A., Nadkarni V.M., Sutton R.M. Interdisciplinary ICU cardiac arrest debriefing improves survival outcome. Crit. Care Med. 2014; 42 (7): 1688– 1695. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/CCM.0000000000000327. PMID: 24717462</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Wolfe H., Zebuhr C., Topjian A., Nishisaki A., Niles D.E., Meaney P.A., Boyle  L., Giordano R.T., Davis D., Priestley M., Apkon M., Berg R.A., Nadkarni V.M.,  Sutton R.M. Interdisciplinary ICU cardiac arrest debriefing improves survival  outcome. Crit. Care Med. 2014; 42 (7): 1688–1695.  http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/CCM.0000000000000327.PMID: 24717462</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref></ref-list><fn-group><fn fn-type="conflict"><p>The authors declare that there are no conflicts of interest present.</p></fn></fn-group></back></article>
