<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<!DOCTYPE article PUBLIC "-//NLM//DTD JATS (Z39.96) Journal Publishing DTD v1.3 20210610//EN" "JATS-journalpublishing1-3.dtd">
<article article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.3" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xml:lang="ru"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">rmt</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="ru">Общая реаниматология</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>General Reanimatology</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn pub-type="ppub">1813-9779</issn><issn pub-type="epub">2411-7110</issn><publisher><publisher-name>FSBI "SRIGR" RAMS</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.15360/1813-9779-2019-5-4-10</article-id><article-id custom-type="elpub" pub-id-type="custom">rmt-1811</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>КЛИНИЧЕСКИЕ ИССЛЕДОВАНИЯ И ПРАКТИКА</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>CLINICAL STUDIES AND PRACTICE</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title>Однородная деформация нативных эритроцитов при их длительном хранении</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Homogeneous Deformation of Native Erythrocytes During Long-Term Storage</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Манченко</surname><given-names>Е. А.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Manchenko</surname><given-names>E. A.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Россия, 107031, г. Москва, ул. Петровка, д. 25, стр. 2</p><p>Россия, 119991, г. Москва, ул. Трубецкая, д. 8, стр. 2</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>25 Petrovka Str., Bldg. 2, 107031 Moscow, Russia</p><p>8 Trubetskaya Str., Bldg. 2, 119991 Moscow, Russia</p></bio><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Козлова</surname><given-names>Е. К.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Kozlova</surname><given-names>E. K.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Россия, 107031, г. Москва, ул. Петровка, д. 25, стр. 2</p><p>Россия, 119991, г. Москва, ул. Трубецкая, д. 8, стр. 2</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>25 Petrovka Str., Bldg. 2, 107031 Moscow, Russia</p><p>8 Trubetskaya Str., Bldg. 2, 119991 Moscow, Russia</p></bio><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Сергунова</surname><given-names>В. А.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Sergunova</surname><given-names>V. A.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Россия, 107031, г. Москва, ул. Петровка, д. 25, стр. 2</p><p> </p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>25 Petrovka Str., Bldg. 2, 107031 Moscow, Russia</p></bio><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-2"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Черныш</surname><given-names>А. М.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Chernysh</surname><given-names>A. M.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Россия, 107031, г. Москва, ул. Петровка, д. 25, стр. 2</p><p>Россия, 119991, г. Москва, ул. Трубецкая, д. 8, стр. 2</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>25 Petrovka Str., Bldg. 2, 107031 Moscow, Russia</p><p>8 Trubetskaya Str., Bldg. 2, 119991 Moscow, Russia</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">orbf@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff-1"><aff xml:lang="ru">НИИ общей реаниматологии им. В. А. Неговского ФНКЦ РР,&#13;
Первый Московский государственный медицинский университет им. И. М. Сеченова Минздрава России<country>Россия</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en">V. A. Negovsky Research Institute of General Reanimatology, Federal Research and Clinical Center of Intensive Care Medicine and Rehabilitology,&#13;
I. M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, Ministry of Health of Russia<country>Russian Federation</country></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff-2"><aff xml:lang="ru">НИИ общей реаниматологии им. В. А. Неговского ФНКЦ РР<country>Россия</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en">V. A. Negovsky Research Institute of General Reanimatology, Federal Research and Clinical Center of Intensive Care Medicine and Rehabilitology<country>Russian Federation</country></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date pub-type="collection"><year>2019</year></pub-date><pub-date pub-type="epub"><day>07</day><month>11</month><year>2019</year></pub-date><volume>15</volume><issue>5</issue><fpage>4</fpage><lpage>10</lpage><permissions><copyright-statement>Copyright &amp;#x00A9; Манченко Е.А., Козлова Е.К., Сергунова В.А., Черныш А.М., 2019</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2019</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Манченко Е.А., Козлова Е.К., Сергунова В.А., Черныш А.М.</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Manchenko E.A., Kozlova E.K., Sergunova V.A., Chernysh A.M.</copyright-holder><license license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.</license-p></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://www.reanimatology.com/rmt/article/view/1811">https://www.reanimatology.com/rmt/article/view/1811</self-uri><abstract><p>Цель исследования — выявление биомеханических закономерностей глубокой деформации мембран нативных эритроцитов при длительном (до 32 суток) хранении эритроцитарной взвеси.Материалы и методы. Методом решения указанной проблемы является атомно-силовая спектроскопия. Измеряли hHz — глубину, до которой процесс погружения зонда описывается взаимодействием с однородной средой. Получали эмпирические и теоретические зависимости силы взаимодействия F (нН) от глубины погружения зонда h (нм) — F (h). Строили гистограммы плотности относительных частот модуля Юнга E.Результаты. Модуль E менялся от 9,3±3,2 кПа — для 3 суток хранения, до 22,7±8,7 кПа — для 32 суток. Коэффициент асимметрии для 3 суток составил 0,52±0,04, а для 32 суток — 0,82±0,09. Величина hHz при этом оставалась постоянной.Заключение. По мере хранения эритроцитарной взвеси мембраны эритроцитов до глубин 700 нм прогибались однородно, несмотря на то, что модуль Юнга возрастал в 2.4 раза.</p></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="en"><p>Purpose of the study — to evaluate biomechanical regularities of deep deformation of native erythrocytes’ membranes during long-term (up to 32 days) storage of erythrocyte suspension.Materials and methods. The method for addressing the said problem was atomic-force spectroscopy. The measured value was hHz comprizing the depth to which the probe immersion process was described by interaction with a homogeneous medium. Empirical and theoretical dependence of the interaction force F (nN) on the probe immersion depth h (nm) — F (h) were obtained. Bar charts of relative frequency density of Young’s modulus E were built.Results. Modulus E changed from 9.3±3.2 kPa — for 3 days of storage, to 22.7±8.7 kPa — for 32 days. Coefficients of skewness were 0.52±0.04 (for day 3) and 0.82±0.09 (for day 32 d), hHz value remaining constant.Conclusion. Progressively as erythrocyte suspension was stored, erythrocyte membranes to the depth of 700 nm deflected homogeneously in spite of 2.4-fold increase of Young’s modulus.</p></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>эритроциты</kwd><kwd>жесткость мембраны</kwd><kwd>деформация</kwd><kwd>хранение крови</kwd><kwd>атомно-силовая спектроскопия</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>erythrocytes</kwd><kwd>membrane stiffness</kwd><kwd>deformation</kwd><kwd>blood storage</kwd><kwd>atomic-force spectroscopy</kwd></kwd-group><funding-group xml:lang="ru"><funding-statement>Исследование выполнено при финансовой поддержке Министерства науки и высшего образования Российской Федерации и «Russian Academic Excellence Project 5-100».</funding-statement></funding-group></article-meta></front><back><ref-list><title>References</title><ref id="cit1"><label>1</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">D’Almeida M. S., Jagger J., Duggan M., White M., Ellis C., Chin‐Yee I. H. A comparison of biochemical and functional alterations of rat and human erythrocytes stored in CPDA‐1 for 29 days: implications for animal models of transfusion. Transfus. Med. 2000; 10(4): 291–303. DOI: 10.1046/j.1365-3148.2000.00267.x. PMID: 11123813</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">D’Almeida M. S., Jagger J., Duggan M., White M., Ellis C., Chin‐Yee I. H. A comparison of biochemical and functional alterations of rat and human erythrocytes stored in CPDA‐1 for 29 days: implications for animal models of transfusion. Transfus. Med. 2000; 10 (4): 291–303. DOI: 10.1046/j.1365-3148.2000.00267.x. PMID: 11123813</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit2"><label>2</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Wang C.H., Popel A.S. Effect of red blood cell shape on oxygen transport in capillaries. Math. Biosci. 1993; 116 (1): 89–110. PMID: 8343620</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Wang C.H., Popel A.S. Effect of red blood cell shape on oxygen transport in capillaries. Math. Biosci. 1993; 116 (1): 89-110. PMID: 8343620</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit3"><label>3</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Tomaiuolo G. Biomechanical properties of red blood cells in health and disease towards microfluidics. Biomicrofluidics. 2014; 8 (5): 051501. DOI: 10.1063/1.4895755. eCollection 2014 Sep. PMID: 25332724</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Tomaiuolo G. Biomechanical properties of red blood cells in health and disease towards microfluidics. Biomicrofluidics. 2014; 8 (5): 051501. DOI: 10.1063/1.4895755. eCollection 2014 Sep. PMID: 25332724</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit4"><label>4</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Chien S. Red cell deformability and its relevance to blood flow. Annu. Rev. Physiol. 1987; 49: 177–192. DOI: 10.1146/annurev.ph.49.030187.001141. PMID: 3551796</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Chien S. Red cell deformability and its relevance to blood flow. Annu. Rev. Physiol. 1987; 49: 177–192. DOI: 10.1146/annurev.ph.49. 030187.001141. PMID: 3551796</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit5"><label>5</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Frank S. M., Abazyan B., Ono M., Hogue C. W., Cohen D. B., Berkowitz D. E., Barodka V.M. Decreased erythrocyte deformability after transfusion and the effects of erythrocyte storage duration. Anesth. Analg. 2013; 116 (5): 975–981. DOI: 10.1213/ANE.0b013e31828843e6. PMID: 23449853</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Frank S. M., Abazyan B., Ono M., Hogue C. W., Cohen D. B., Berkowitz D. E., Barodka V.M. Decreased erythrocyte deformability after transfusion and the effects of erythrocyte storage duration. Anesth. Analg. 2013; 116 (5): 975–981. DOI: 10.1213/ANE.0b013e31828843e6. PMID: 23449853</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit6"><label>6</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Kozlova E., Chernysh A., Moroz V., Sergunova V., Gudkova O., Manchenko E. Morphology, membrane nanostructure and stiffness for quality assessment of packed red blood cells. Sci. Rep. 2017; 7 (7): 1–11. DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-08255-9. PMID: 28798476</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Kozlova E., Chernysh A., Moroz V., Sergunova V., Gudkova O., Manchenko E. Morphology, membrane nanostructure and stiffness for quality assessment of packed red blood cells. Sci. Rep. 2017; 7 (7): 1–11. DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-08255-9. PMID: 28798476</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit7"><label>7</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Kozlova E., Chernysh A., Manchenko E., Sergunova V., Moroz V. Nonlinear biomechanical characteristics of deep deformation of native RBC membranes in normal state and under modifier action. Scanning. 2018; Article ID 1810585. DOI: 10.1155/2018/1810585</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Kozlova E., Chernysh A., Manchenko E., Sergunova V., Moroz V. Nonlinear biomechanical characteristics of deep deformation of native RBC membranes in normal state and under modifier action. Scanning. 2018; Article ID 1810585. DOI: 10.1155/2018/1810585</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit8"><label>8</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Lekka M., Fornal M., Pyka-Fościak G., Lebed K., Wizner B., Grodzicki T., Styczeń J. Erythrocyte stiffness probed using atomic force microscope. Biorheology. 2005; 42 (4): 307–317. PMID: 16227658</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Lekka M., Fornal M., Pyka-Fościak G., Lebed K., Wizner B., Grodzicki T., Styczeń J. Erythrocyte stiffness probed using atomic force microscope. Biorheology. 2005; 42 (4): 307–317. PMID: 16227658</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit9"><label>9</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Kuznetsova T.G., Starodubtseva M.N., Yegorenkov N.I., Chizhik S.A., Zhdanov R.I. Atomic force microscopy probing of cell elasticity. Micron. 2007; 38 (8): 824–833. DOI: 10.1016/j.micron.2007.06.011.PMID: 17709250</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Kuznetsova T.G., Starodubtseva M.N., Yegorenkov N.I., Chizhik S.A., Zhdanov R.I. Atomic force microscopy probing of cell elasticity. Micron. 2007; 38 (8): 824–833. DOI: 10.1016/j.micron.2007.06.011.PMID: 17709250</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit10"><label>10</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Сергунова В.А., Козлова Е.К., Мягкова Е.А., Черныш А.М. Измерение упруго-эластичных свойств мембраны нативных эритроцитов in vitro. Общая реаниматология. 2015; 11 (3): 39–44. DOI:10.15360/1813-9779-2015-3-39-44</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Sergunova V.A., Kozlova E.K., Myagkova E.A., Chernysh A.M. In vitro measurement of the elastic properties of the native red blood cell membrane. Obschaya reanimatologiya=General Reanimatology. 2015; 11 (3): 39–44. [In Russ.] DOI: 10.15360/1813-9779-2015-3-39-44</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit11"><label>11</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Сергунова В.А., Гудкова О.Е., Козлов А.П., Черныш А.М. Измерение локальной жесткости мембран эритроцитов с помощью атомно-силовой спектроскопии. Общая реаниматология. 2013; 9 (1): 14. DOI: 10.15360/1813-9779-2013-1-14</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Sergunova V.A., Gudkova O.E., Kozlov A.P., Chernysh A.M. Measurement of the local tension of red blood cell membranes by atomic force spectroscopy. Obschaya reanimatologiya=General Reanimatology. 2013; 9 (1): 14. [In Russ.] DOI: 10.15360/1813-9779-2013-1-14</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit12"><label>12</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Xu Z., Zheng Y., Wang X., Shehata N., Wang C., Sun Y. Stiffness increase of red blood cells during storage. Microsyst. Nanoeng. 2018; 4: 17103. DOI:10.1038/micronano.2017.103</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Xu Z., Zheng Y., Wang X., Shehata N., Wang C., Sun Y. Stiffness increase of red blood cells during storage. Microsyst. Nanoeng. 2018; 4: 17103. DOI: 10.1038/micronano.2017.103</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit13"><label>13</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Park H., Lee S., Ji M., Kim K., Son Y., Jang S., Park Y. Measuring cell surface area and deformability of individual human red blood cells over blood storage using quantitative phase imaging. Sci. Rep. 2016; 6: 34257. DOI: 10.1038/srep34257. PMID: 27698484</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Park H., Lee S., Ji M., Kim K., Son Y., Jang S., Park Y. Measuring cell surface area and deformability of individual human red blood cells over blood storage using quantitative phase imaging. Sci. Rep. 2016; 6: 34257. DOI: 10.1038/srep34257. PMID: 27698484</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit14"><label>14</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Girasole M., Cricenti A., Generosi R., Congiu-Castellano A., Boumis G., Amiconi G. Artificially induced unusual shape of erythrocytes: an atomic force microscopy study. J Microsc. 2001; 204: 46–52. DOI: 10.1046/j.1365-2818.2001.00937.x. PMID: 11580812</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Girasole M., Cricenti A., Generosi R., Congiu-Castellano A., Boumis G., Amiconi G. Artificially induced unusual shape of erythrocytes: an atomic force microscopy study. J Microsc. 2001; 204: 46–52. DOI: 10.1046/j.1365-2818.2001.00937.x. PMID: 11580812</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit15"><label>15</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">World Health Organization. Dept. of Blood Safety and Clinical Technology, Safe blood and blood product. Manual on the management, maintenance and use of blood cold chain equipment. Geneva: World Health Organization. 2005.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">World Health Organization. Dept. of Blood Safety and Clinical Technology, Safe blood and blood product. Manual on the management, maintenance and use of blood cold chain equipment. Geneva: World Health Organization. 2005.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit16"><label>16</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Zhang W., Liu F. Effect of polylysine on blood clotting, and red blood cell morphology, aggregation and hemolysis. J. Nanosci. Nanotechnol. 2014; 17 (1): 251–255. PMID: 29620337</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Zhang W., Liu F. Effect of polylysine on blood clotting, and red blood cell morphology, aggregation and hemolysis. J. Nanosci. Nanotechnol. 2014; 17 (1): 251–255. PMID: 29620337</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit17"><label>17</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Fornal M., Lekka M., Pyka-Fościak G., Lebed K., Grodzicki T., Wizner B., Styczeń J. Erythrocyte stiffness in diabetes mellitus studied with atomic force microscope. Clin. Hemorheol. Microcirc. 2015; 35 (1-2): 273–276. PMID: 16899942</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Fornal M., Lekka M., Pyka-Fościak G., Lebed K., Grodzicki T., Wizner B., Styczeń J. Erythrocyte stiffness in diabetes mellitus studied with atomic force microscope. Clin. Hemorheol. Microcirc. 2015; 35 (1–2): 273–276. PMID: 16899942</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit18"><label>18</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Черныш А.М., Козлова Е.К., Мороз В.В., Сергунова В.А., Гудкова О.Е., Козлов А.П., Манченко Е.А. Нелинейные локальные деформации мембран эритроцитов: нормальные эритроциты (Часть 1). Общая реаниматология. 2017; 13(5): 58-68. DOI: 10.15360/1813-9779-2017-5-58-68</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Chernysh A.M., Kozlova E.K., Moroz V.V., Sergunova V.A., Gudkova O.E., Kozlov A.P., Manchenko E.A. Nonlinear local deformations of erythrocyte membranes: normal erythrocytes (part 1). Obschaya reanimatologiya=General Reanimatology.. 2017; 13 (5): 58–68. (In Russ.) DOI: 10.15360/1813-9779-2017-5-58-68</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit19"><label>19</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Thomas G., Burnham N.A., Camesano T.A., Wen Q. Measuring the mechanical properties of living cells using atomic force microscopy. J. Vis. Exp. 2013; (76). DOI: 10.3791/50497. PMID: 23851674</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Thomas G., Burnham N.A., Camesano T.A., Wen Q. Measuring the mechanical properties of living cells using atomic force microscopy. J. Vis. Exp. 2013; (76). DOI: 10.3791/50497. PMID: 23851674</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit20"><label>20</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Lien C. C., Wu M. C., Ay C. Study on the Young’s modulus of red blood cells using atomic force microscope. Applied Mechanics and Materials. 2014; 627: 197–201. DOI: 10.4028/www.scientific.net/AMM.627.197</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Lien C. C., Wu M. C., Ay C. Study on the Young’s modulus of red blood cells using atomic force microscope. Applied Mechanics and Materials. 2014; 627: 197–201. DOI: 10.4028/www.scientific.net/AMM.627.197</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit21"><label>21</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Hertz H. Ueber den kontakt elastischer koerper. Journal für die Reine und Angewandte Mathematik. 1881; 92 (4): 245–260.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Hertz H. Ueber den kontakt elastischer koerper. Journal für die Reine und Angewandte Mathematik. 1881; 92 (4): 245–260.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref></ref-list><fn-group><fn fn-type="conflict"><p>The authors declare that there are no conflicts of interest present.</p></fn></fn-group></back></article>
