rmtОбщая реаниматологияGeneral Reanimatology1813-97792411-7110FSBI "SRIGR" RAMS10.15360/1813-9779-2021-3-78-98rmt-2084Research ArticleОБЗОРЫ И КРАТКИЕ СООБЩЕНИЯREVIEWS & SHORT COMMUNICATIONSО возможности использования препаратов группы сукцинатов в условиях гипоксии при COVID-19On the Possibility of Using Succinate in Hypoxia Developing in COVID-19ОрловЮ. П.OrlovYu. P.

Юрий Петрович Орлов

644043, Омск, ул. Ленина, д. 12

Yuri P. Orlov

12 Lenin Str., 644099 Omsk

orlov-up@mail.ruГовороваН. В.GovorovaN. V.

644043, Омск, ул. Ленина, д. 12

Natalia V. Govorova

12 Lenin Str., 644099 Omsk

КорпачеваО. В.KorpachevaO. V.

644043, Омск, ул. Ленина, д. 12

Olga V. Korpacheva

12 Lenin Str., 644099 Omsk

АфанасьевВ. В.AfanasyevV. V.

191015, Санкт-Петербург, ул. Кирочная, д.41

Vasily V. Afanasyev

47 Piskarevskii prospect, 195067 St. Petersburg

ХиленкоИ. А.KhilenkoI. A.

644105, Омск, ул. Нахимова, 55

Irina A. Khilenko

55 Nakhimov Str., 644105 Omsk

Омский государственный медицинский университетРоссияOmsk State Medical University, Ministry of Health of RussiaRussian FederationСеверо-Западный государственный медицинский университет им. И. И. МечниковаРоссияI.I. Mechnikov North-Western State Medical University, Ministry of Health of RussiaRussian FederationГородская клиническая больница № 11РоссияCity Clinical Hospital № 13Russian Federation2021030720211737898Copyright © Орлов Ю.П., Говорова Н.В., Корпачева О.В., Афанасьев В.В., Хиленко И.А., 20212021Орлов Ю.П., Говорова Н.В., Корпачева О.В., Афанасьев В.В., Хиленко И.А.Orlov Y.P., Govorova N.V., Korpacheva O.V., Afanasyev V.V., Khilenko I.A.Данная работа распространяется под лицензией Creative Commons Attribution 4.0.This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.https://www.reanimatology.com/rmt/article/view/2084Цель

Цель. Патогенетическое обоснование возможного использования препаратов группы сукцинатов при COVID-19 в условиях гипоксии на основе анализа экспериментальных и клинических исследований.

Материалы и методы

Материалы и методы. Проанализировали 84 зарубежных и отечественных литературных источника, касающихся патогенеза COVID-19 и патогенетической роли сукцинатов при гипоксии в условиях COVID-19, окислительного стресса и диафрагмальной дисфункции. Поиск литературы проводили по базам данным Pubmed, ELIBRARY.ru.

Результаты

Результаты. Как показал анализ литературы в основе патогенеза COVID-19 лежит гипоксия тканей, запускающая весь каскад патоморфологических событий, приводящих к развитию полиорганной недостаточности. В экспериментальных и клинических исследованиях отражен положительный эффект коррекции гипоксии тканей с использованием сукцинатов, как у взрослых пациентов, так и у детей при различном спектре патологии, сопряженной с синдромом острой дыхательной недостаточности.

Заключение

Заключение. Анализ литературных данных позволяет обосновать перспективу использования препаратов, содержащих сукцинат, в комплексной терапии тяжелых случаев течения COVID-19.

Aim

Aim. To provide a rationale for the feasibility of using the succinate-containing drugs to treat hypoxia associated with COVID-19 based on the analysis of experimental and clinical studies.

Materials and methods

Materials and methods. 84 Russian and international literature sources concerning the pathogenesis of COVID-19 and the pathogenetic role of succinate in the management of COVID-19 associated hypoxia, oxidative stress and diaphragmatic dysfunction were analyzed. The literature search was performed using Pubmed and ELIBRARY.ru databases.

Results

Results. The literature analysis showed that tissue hypoxia, triggering the pathomorphological cascade of events and resulting in multiple organ failure is a central element of COVID-19 pathogenesis. Experimental and clinical studies show the positive impact of tissue hypoxia correction using succinate in both adult patients and children with various conditions associated with acute respiratory failure.

Conclusion

Conclusion. The literature data provide a rationale for using succinate-containing drugs in the treatment of severe COVID-19.

COVID-19гипоксияокислительный стрессдиафрагмальная дисфункциясукцинатыCOVID-19hypoxiaoxidative stressdiaphragmatic dysfunctionsuccinate Conflict of interest. The authors declare no conflict of interestReferencesШаповалов Г.К., Цыденпилов Г.А., Лукьянов С.А., Трусова Ю.С., Коннов В.А. Перспективы применения сукцинатов при тяжелом течении новой короновирусной инфекции. Экспериментальная и клиническая фармакология. 2020; 83 (10): 40-43.Shapovalov G.K., Tsydenpilov GA., Lukyanov S.A., Trusova Yu.S., Kon-nov V.A. Prospects for the use of succinates in the severe course of a new coronovirus infection. Eksperimentalnaya i klinicheskaya far-makologiya. 2020; 83 (10): 40-43 [In Russ.].Заболотских И.Б., Киров М.Ю., Лебединский К.М., Проценко Д.Н., Авдеев С.Н., АндреенкоА.А., АрсентьевЛ.В., Афончиков В.С., Афуков И.И., Белкин А.А., Боева Е.А., Буланов А.Ю., Васильев Я.И., Власенко А.В., Горбачев В.И., Григорьев Е.В., Григорьев С.В., Гри-цан А.И., Еременко А.А., Ершов Е.Н., Замятин М.Н., Кузовлев А.Н., Куликов А.В., Лахин Р.Е., Лейдерман И.Н., Ленькин А.И., Мазурок ВА, Мусаева Т.С., Николаенко Э.М., Орлов Ю.П., Петриков С.С., Ройтман Е.В., Роненсон А.М., Смёткин АА., Соколов А.А., Степаненко С.М., Субботин В.В., Ушакова Н.Д., Хороненко В.Э., Царенко С.В., Шифман Е.М., Шукевич Д.Л., Щеголев А.В., Ярошец-кий А.И., Ярустовский М.Б. Анестезиолого-реанимационное обеспечение пациентов с новой коронавирусной инфекцией COVID-19. Методические рекомендации Общероссийской общественной организации «Федерация анестезиологов и реаниматологов». Вестник интенсивной терапии имени А.И. Салтанова. 2020; S1: 3-120. DOI: 10.21320/1818-474X-2020-S1-9-120Zabolotskikh I. B., KirovM.Yu., Lebedinsky K.M., Protsenko D.N., Avdeev S. N., AndreenkoA.A., ArsentyevL.V., Afonchikov VS., AfukovI.I., Belkin A. A., Boeva E.A., Bulanov A.Yu., Vasiliev Ya.I., Vlasenko A.V., Gorbachev V.I., Grigoriev E.V., Grigoriev S.V, Gritsan A.I., Eremenko AA., Ershov E.N., Zamyatin M.N., Kuzovlev A.N., Kulikov A.V., Lakhin R.E., Leiderman I.N., Lenkin A.I., Mazurok V.A., Musaeva T.S., Nikolaenko E.M., Orlov Yu.P, Petrikov S.S., Roitman E.V., Ronenson A.M., Smetkin A.A., SokolovA.A., Stepanenko S.M., Subbotin VV., Ushakova N.D., Horonenko V.E., Tsarenko S.V, Shifman E.M., Shukevich D.L., ShchegolevA.V., YaroshetskyA.I., YarustovskyM.B. Anesthesiological and resuscitation support for patients with a new coronavirus infection COVID-19. Methodological recommendations of the All-Russian Public Organization «Federation of Anesthesiologists and Resuscita-tors». Vestnik intensivnoy terapii imeni A.I. Saltanova. 2020; S1: 3-120.Zhavoronkov А Geroprotective and senoremediative strategies to reduce the comorbidity, infection rates, severity, and lethality in gerophilic and gerolavic infections. Research Perspective. 2020; 12 (8): 6492-6510. PMID: 32229705 PMCID: PMC7202545 DOI: 10.18632/aging.102988Zhavoronkov А. Geroprotective and senoremediative strategies to reduce the comorbidity, infection rates, severity, and lethality in gerophilic and gerolavic infections. Research Perspective. 2020; 12 (8): 6492-6510. PMID: 32229705 PMCID: PMC7202545 DOI: 10.18632/aging.102988Xiong S, Liu L, Lin F Shi J, Han L, Liu H, He L, Jiang Q, WangZ, Fu W, Li Z, Lu Q, Chen Z, DingS. Clinical characteristics of 116 hospitalized patients with COVID-19 in Wuhan, China: a single-centered, retrospective, observational study. BMC Infect Dis. 2020; 20 (1): 787. DOI: 10.1186/s12879-020-05452-2.Xiong S, Liu L, Lin F, Shi J, Han L, Liu H, He L, Jiang Q, Wang Z, Fu W, Li Z, Lu Q, Chen Z, Ding S. Clinical characteristics of 116 hospitalized patients with COVID-19 in Wuhan, China: a singlecentered, retrospective, observational study. BMC Infect Dis. 2020; 20 (1): 787. DOI: 10.1186/s12879-020-05452-2.ScialoF, DanieleA., AmatoF, PastoreL.,MateraM.G., CazzolaM., Ca-staldo G., Bia.nco A. The Major Cell Entry Receptor for SARS-CoV-2. Lung 2020; 198 (6): 867-877. Epub 2020 Nov 10. PMID: 33170317 PMCID: PMC7653219 DOI: 10.1007/s00408-020-00408-4Scialo F., Daniele A., Amato F., Pastore L., Matera M.G., Cazzola M., Ca-staldo G., Bianco A. The Major Cell Entry Receptor for SARS-CoV-2. Lung. 2020; 198 (6): 867-877. Epub 2020 Nov 10. PMID: 33170317 PMCID: PMC7653219 DOI: 10.1007/s00408-020-00408-4Vassiliou A.G., Kotanidou A., Dimopoulou I., Orfanos S.E. Endothelial Damage in Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome. Int J Mol Sci. 2020 Nov; 21 (22): 8793. Published online 2020. DOI: 10.3390/ijms21228793.Vassiliou A.G., Kotanidou A., Dimopoulou I., Orfanos S.E. Endothelial Damage in Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome. Int J Mol Sci. 2020 Nov; 21 (22): 8793. Published online 2020. DOI: 10.3390/ijms21228793.Yang D., Ha.n Z., Oppenheim J.J. Alarmins and immunity. Immunol Rev. 2017; 280: 41-56. PMID: 29027222 PMCID: PMC5699517 DOI: 10.1111/imr.12577Yang D., Han Z., Oppenheim J.J. Alarmins and immunity. Immunol Rev. 2017; 280: 41-56. PMID: 29027222 PMCID: PMC5699517 DOI: 10.1111/imr.12577Varga Z., Fla.mmer A.J., Steiger P, Haberecker M., Andermatt R., Zin-kernagel A.S., Mehra M.R., Schuepbach R.A., Ruschitzka F, Moch H. Endothelial cell infection and endotheliitis in COVID-19. Lancet. 2020; 395 (10234): 1417-1418. PMID: 32325026 PMCID: PMC7172722 DOI: 10.1016/S0140-6736(20)30937-5Varga Z., Flammer A.J., Steiger P, Haberecker M., Andermatt R., Zin-kernagel A.S., Mehra M.R., Schuepbach R.A., Ruschitzka F, Moch H. Endothelial cell infection and endotheliitis in COVID-19. Lancet. 2020; 395 (10234): 1417-1418. PMID: 32325026 PMCID: PMC7172722 DOI: 10.1016/S0140-6736 (20)30937-5Ciceri F, Beretta L., Scandroglio A.M., Colombo S., Landoni G. Microvascular COVID-19 lung vessels obstructive thromboinflammatory syndrome (MicroCLOTS): an atypical acute respiratory distress syndrome working hypothesis. Crit Care Resusc. 2020 Apr 15. [Epub ahead of print] PMID: 32294809].Ciceri F., Beretta L., Scandroglio A.M., Colombo S., Landoni G. Microvascular COVID-19 lung vessels obstructive thromboinflammatory syndrome (MicroCLOTS): an atypical acute respiratory distress syndrome working hypothesis. Crit Care Resusc. 2020 Apr 15. [Epub ahead of print] PMID: 32294809].Gattinoni L., Coppola S., Cressoni M., Busana M., Rossi S., Chiumello D. COVID-19 does not lead to a «typical» acute respiratory distress syndrome. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2020; 201 (10): 1299-1300. PMID: 32228035 PMCID: PMC7233352 DOI: 10.1164/rccm.202003-0817LEGattinoni L., Coppola S., Cressoni M., Busana M., Rossi S., Chiumello D. COVID-19 does not lead to a «typical» acute respiratory distress syndrome. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2020; 201 (10): 1299-1300. PMID: 32228035 PMCID: PMC7233352 DOI: 10.1164/rccm.202003-0817LETan C.W., LowJ.G.H., WongW.H., ChuaY.Y., Goh S.L., NgH.J. Critically ill COVID-19 infected patients exhibit increased clot waveform analysis parameters consistent with hypercoagulability. Am J Hematol.Tan C.W., Low J.G.H., Wong W.H., Chua Y.Y., Goh S.L., Ng H.J. Critically ill COVID-19 infected patients exhibit increased clot waveform analysis parameters consistent with hypercoagulability. Am J Hematol. [Epub ahead of print]. PMID: 32267008 PMCID: PMC7262023 DOI: 10.1002/ajh.25822Mokhtari Т., Hassani F., Ghaffari N., Ebrahimi B., Yarahmadi A., Has-sanzadeh G. COVID-19 and multiorgan failure: A narrative review on potential mechanisms. J Mol Histol. 2020: 1-16. PMID: 33011887 PMCID: PMC7533045 DOI: 10.1007/s10735-020-09915-3Mokhtari Т., Hassani F, Ghaffari N., Ebrahimi B., Yarahmadi A., Has-sanzadeh G. COVID-19 and multiorgan failure: A narrative review on potential mechanisms. J Mol Histol. 2020: 1-16. PMID: 33011887 PMCID: PMC7533045 DOI: 10.1007/s10735-020-09915-3Лукьянова Л.Д. Сигнальные механизмы гипоксии. — М.: РАН, 2019. 215 с.: ил.Lukyanova L.D. Signaling mechanisms of hypoxia. — M.: RAS, 2019. 215 p.: ill [In Russ.].ScholzR., ThurmanR.G., Williamson J.R., ChanceB., Bucher T. Flavin and pyridine nucleotide oxidation-reduction changes in perfused rat liver. I. Anoxia and subcellular localization of fluorescent flavopro-teins. J Biol Chem. 1969; 244 (9): 2317-2324. PMID: 4306507ScholzR., ThurmanR.G., Williamson J.R., ChanceB., Bucher T. Flavin and pyridine nucleotide oxidation-reduction changes in perfused rat liver. I. Anoxia and subcellular localization of fluorescent flavopro-teins. J Biol Chem. 1969; 244 (9): 2317-2324. PMID: 4306507Кондрашова М.Н., Маевский Е.И., Бабаян Г В., Саакян И.Р Ахмеров Р.Н. Митохондрии. Биохимия и ультраструктура. М: Наука, 1973c, 112-129.Kondrashova M.N., Mayevsky E.I., Babayan G.V., Sahakian I.R. Akhmerov R.N. Mitochondria. Biochemistry and ultrastructure. Moscow: Nauka, 1973c, 112-129 [In Russ.].Taegtmeyer H. Metabolic responses to cardiac hypoxia. Increased production of succinate by rabbit papillary muscles. Circ Res. 1978; 43 (5): 808-815. DOI: 10.1161/01.res.43.5.808.Taegtmeyer H. Metabolic responses to cardiac hypoxia. Increased production of succinate by rabbit papillary muscles. Circ Res. 1978; 43 (5): 808-815. DOI: 10.1161/01.res.43.5.808.Zhang J., Wang Y.T., Miller J.H., Day M.M., Munger J.C., Brookes P.S. Accumulation of Succinate in Cardiac Ischemia Primarily Occurs via Canonical Krebs Cycle Activity. Cell Rep. 2018; 23 (9): 2617-2628. DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2018.04.104Zhang J., Wang Y.T., Miller J.H., Day M.M., Munger J.C., Brookes PS. Accumulation of Succinate in Cardiac Ischemia Primarily Occurs via Canonical Krebs Cycle Activity. Cell Rep. 2018; 23 (9): 2617-2628. DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2018.04.104Christos Chinopoulos Ch. Succinate in ischemia: Where does it come from? Int JBiochem Cell Biol. 2019; 115: 105580. DOI: 10.1016/j.bio-cel.2019.105580.Christos Chinopoulos Ch. Succinate in ischemia: Where does it come from? Int J Biochem Cell Biol. 2019; 115: 105580. DOI: 10.1016/j.bio-cel.2019.105580.Choucha.ni E.T., Pell V.R., Gaude E, Aksentijevic D. Ischaemic accumulation of succinate controls reperfusion injury through mitochondrial ROS. Na,ture. 2014; 515 (7527): 431-435. PMID: 25383517 PMCID: PMC4255242 DOI: 10.1038/nature13909Chouchani E.T., Pell V.R., Gaude E, Aksentijevic D. Ischaemic accumulation of succinate controls reperfusion injury through mitochondrial ROS. Nature. 2014; 515 (7527): 431-435. PMID: 25383517 PMCID: PMC4255242 DOI: 10.1038/nature13909Lukya.nova L.D., Kirova Y.I. Mitochondria-controlled signaling mechanisms of brain protection in hypoxia. Front. Neurosci. 2015; 9: 320. PMID: 26483619 PMCID: PMC4589588 DOI: 10.3389/foins.2015.00320Lukyanova L.D., Kirova Y.I. Mitochondria-controlled signaling mechanisms of brain protection in hypoxia. Front. Neurosci. 2015; 9: 320. PMID: 26483619 PMCID: PMC4589588 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2015.00320Fajgenbaum D.C., June C.H. Cytokine Storm. N Engl J Med. 2020; 383 (23): 2255-2273. DOI: 10.1056/NEJMra2026131.Fajgenbaum D.C., June C.H. Cytokine Storm. N Engl J Med. 2020; 383 (23): 2255-2273. DOI: 10.1056/NEJMra2026131.Ye Q., Wang B., Mao J. The pathogenesis and treatment of the 'Cytokine Storm’ in COVID-19. J Infect. 2020; 80 (6): 607-613. Epub 2020 Apr 10. PMID: 32283152 PMCID: PMC7194613 DOI: 10.1016/j.jinf. 2020.03.037Ye Q., Wang B., Mao J. The pathogenesis and treatment of the 'Cytokine Storm’ in COVID-19. J Infect. 2020; 80 (6): 607-613. Epub 2020 Apr 10. PMID: 32283152 PMCID: PMC7194613 DOI: 10.1016/j.jinf.2020.03.037Mahmudpour M, Roozbeh J, Keshavarz M, Farrokhi S, Nabipour I. COVID-19 cytokine storm: The anger of inflammation. Cytokine. 2020; 133: 155151. DOI: 10.1016/j.cyto.2020.155151.Mahmudpour M, Roozbeh J, Keshavarz M, Farrokhi S, Nabipour I. COVID-19 cytokine storm: The anger of inflammation. Cytokine. 2020; 133: 155151. DOI: 10.1016/j.cyto.2020.155151.Pearce L., Davidson S. M., Yellon D. M. The cytokine storm of COVID-19: a spotlight on prevention and protection. Expert Opinion on Therapeutic Targets. 2020; 27: 1-8. PMID: 32594778 DOI: 10.1080/14728222.2020.1783243Pearce L., Davidson S. M., Yellon D. M. The cytokine storm of COVID-19: a spotlight on prevention and protection. Expert Opinion on Therapeutic Targets. 2020; 27: 1-8. PMID: 32594778 DOI: 10.1080/14728222.2020.1783243LodgeK.M., CowburnA.S.,Wei Li, AlisonM CondliffeA.M. The Impact of Hypoxia on Neutrophil Degranulation and Consequences for the Host. Int J Mol Sci. 2020; 21 (4): 1183. DOI: 10.3390/ijms21041183.LodgeK.M., CowburnA.S.,WeiLi, AlisonM CondliffeA.M. The Impact of Hypoxia on Neutrophil Degranulation and Consequences for the Host. Int J Mol Sci. 2020; 21 (4): 1183. DOI: 10.3390/ijms21041183.Basic Biology of Hypoxic Responses Mediated by the Transcription Factor HIFs and Its Implication for Medicine. Biomedicines 2020, 8 (2), 32; DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines8020032.Basic Biology of Hypoxic Responses Mediated by the Transcription Factor HIFs and Its Implication for Medicine. Biomedicines 2020, 8 (2), 32; DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines8020032.Bradsha.w P.C., Seeds W.A., Miller A.C., Mahajan V.R., Curtis W.M. COVID-19: Proposing a Ketone-Based Metabolic Therapy as a Treatment to Blunt the Cytokine Storm. Oxid Med CellLongev. 2020; 2020: 6401341. DOI: 10.1155/2020/6401341.Bradshaw PC., Seeds W.A., Miller A.C., Mahajan V.R., Curtis W.M. COVID-19: Proposing a Ketone-Based Metabolic Therapy as a Treatment to Blunt the Cytokine Storm. Oxid Med Cell Longev. 2020; 2020: 6401341. DOI: 10.1155/2020/6401341.Na,ik E, Dixit V.M. Mitochondrial reactive oxygen species drive pro inflammatory cytokine production. The Journal of Experimental Medicine. 2011; 208 (3): 417-420. DOI: 10.1084/jem.20110367.Naik E., Dixit V.M. Mitochondrial reactive oxygen species drive pro inflammatory cytokine production. The Journal of Experimental Medicine. 2011; 208 (3): 417-420. DOI: 10.1084/jem.20110367.Khomich O., Kochetko v S., Bartosch B., Ivanov A. Redox biology of respiratory viral infections. Viruses. 2018; 10 (8): 392. DOI: 10.3390/v10080392.Khomich O., Kochetkov S., Bartosch B., Ivanov A. Redox biology of respiratory viral infections. Viruses. 2018; 10 (8): 392. DOI: 10.3390/v10080392.Mittal M., Siddiqui M.R., Tran K., Reddy S.P, Malik A.B. Reactive oxygen species in inflammation and tissue injury. Antioxid. Redox Signal. 2014; 20: 1126-1167. DOI: 10.1089/ars.2012.5149.Mittal M., Siddiqui M.R., Tran K., Reddy S.P, Malik A.B. Reactive oxygen species in inflammation and tissue injury. Antioxid. Redox Signal. 2014; 20: 1126-1167. DOI: 10.1089/ars.2012.5149.Circu M.L., Aw T.Y. Reactive oxygen species, cellular redox systems, and apoptosis. Free Radic. Biol. Med. 2010; 48: 749-762. PMID: 20045723 PMCID: PMC2823977 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2009.12.022Circu M.L., Aw T.Y. Reactive oxygen species, cellular redox systems, and apoptosis. Free Radic. Biol. Med. 2010; 48: 749-762. PMID: 20045723 PMCID: PMC2823977 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed. 2009.12.022Supinski G.S., Callaha.n L.A. Diaphragm weakness in mechanically ventilated critically ill patients. Crit Care. 2013; 17 (3): R120. PMID: 23786764 PMCID: PMC3840677 DOI: 10.1186/cc12792Supinski G.S., Callahan L.A. Diaphragm weakness in mechanically ventilated critically ill patients. Crit Care. 2013; 17 (3): R120. PMID: 23786764 PMCID: PMC3840677 DOI: 10.1186/cc12792DemouleA., JungB., Prodanovic H., Molinari N., Chanques G., Coira-ult C., Ma,tecki S., Duguet A., Similowski T., Jaber S. Diaphragm dysfunction on admission to the intensive care unit. Prevalence, risk factors, and prognostic impact-a prospective study. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2013; 188 (2): 213-219. PMID: 23641946 DOI: 10.1164/rccm.201209-1668OCDemoule A., Jung B., Prodanovic H., Molinari N., Chanques G., Coira-ult C., Matecki S., Duguet A., Similowski T., Jaber S. Diaphragm dysfunction on admission to the intensive care unit. Prevalence, risk factors, and prognostic impact-a prospective study. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2013; 188 (2): 213-219. PMID: 23641946 DOI: 10.1164/rccm.201209-1668OCDres M., Dube B.P, Mayaux J., Delemazure J., Reuter D., Brochard L., Similowski T., Demoule A. Coexistence and impact of limb muscle and diaphragm weakness at time of liberation from mechanical ventilation in medical intensive care unit patients. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2017; 195 (3): 57-66. PMID: 27310484 DOI: 10.1164/rccm.201602-0367OCDres M., Dube B.P., Mayaux J., Delemazure J., Reuter D., Brochard L., Similowski T., Demoule A. Coexistence and impact of limb muscle and diaphragm weakness at time of liberation from mechanical ventilation in medical intensive care unit patients. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2017; 195 (3): 57-66. PMID: 27310484 DOI: 10.1164/rccm.201602-0367OCSupinski G.S., Morris PE., Dhar S., Callahan L.A. Diaphragm Dysfunction in Critical Illness. Chest. 2018; 153 (4): 1040-1051. PMID: 28887062 PMCID: PMC6026291 DOI: 10.1016/j.chest.2017.08.1157Supinski G.S., Morris PE., Dhar S., Callahan L.A. Diaphragm Dysfunction in Critical Illness. Chest. 2018; 153 (4): 1040-1051. PMID: 28887062 PMCID: PMC6026291 DOI: 10.1016/j.chest.2017.08.1157Wang T, Xu Y.Q., Yuan Y.X., Xu P-W., Zhang C., Li F, Wang L.-N., Yin C, Zhang L., CaiX.-C., Zhu C.-J., Xu J.-R., LiangB.-Q., Schaul S., Xie P.-P, Yue D., Liao Z.-R., Yu L.-L., Luo L., Zhou G., Yang J.-P, He Z.-H., Du M, Zhou Y-P, DengB.-C., WangS.-B., Gao P, Zhu X.-T., Xi Q.-Y., Zhang Y.-L., Shu G., Jiang Q.-Y. Succinate induces skeletal muscle fiber remodeling via SUNCR1 signaling [published correction appears in EMBO Rep. 2020; 21 (5): e50461. PMID: 31318145 PMCID: PMC6727026 DOI: 10.15252/embr.201947892Wang T., Xu Y.Q., Yuan Y.X., Xu P.-W., Zhang C., Li F., WangL.-N., Yin C. , Zhang L., Cai X.-C., Zhu C.-J., Xu J.-R., Liang B.-Q., Schaul S., Xie P.-P, Yue D., Liao Z.-R., Yu L.-L., Luo L., Zhou G., Yang J.-P, He Z.-H., Du M., Zhou Y.-P, Deng B.-C., Wang S.-B., Gao P, Zhu X.-T., Xi Q.-Y., Zhang Y.-L., Shu G., Jiang Q.-Y. Succinate induces skeletal muscle fiber remodeling via SUNCR1 signaling [published correction appears in EMBO Rep. 2020; 21 (5): e50461. PMID: 31318145 PMCID: PMC6727026 DOI: 10.15252/embr.201947892Hakak Y., Lehmann-Bruinsma K., Phillips S., Le T., Liaw C., Connolly D. T., Behan D.P. The role of the GPR91 ligand succinate in hematopoiesis. J Leukoc Biol. 2009; 85: 837-843. PMID: 19204147 DOI: 10.1189/jlb.1008618Hakak Y., Lehmann-Bruinsma K., Phillips S., Le T., Liaw C., Connolly D. T., Behan D.P. The role of the GPR91 ligand succinate in hematopoiesis. J Leukoc Biol. 2009; 85: 837-843. PMID: 19204147 DOI: 10.1189/jlb.1008618Rubic T., La,metschwa,ndtner G., Jost S., Hinteregger S., Kund J., Car-ballido-PerrigN., Schwarzler C., Junt T., Voshol H., Meingassner J.G., Mao X., Werner G., Rot A., Carballido J.M. Triggering the succinate receptor GPR91 on dendritic cells enhances immunity. Nat Immunol. 2008; 9: 1261-1269. PMID: 18820681 DOI: 10.1038/ni.1657Rubic T., Lametschwandtner G., Jost S., Hinteregger S., Kund J., Car-ballido-PerrigN., Schwarzler C., Junt T., Voshol H., Meingassner J.G., Mao X., Werner G., Rot A., Carballido J.M. Triggering the succinate receptor GPR91 on dendritic cells enhances immunity. Nat Immunol. 2008; 9: 1261-1269. PMID: 18820681 DOI: 10.1038/ni.1657Sta.nley W.C., Recchia FA., Lopaschuk G.D. Myocardial substrate metabolism in the normal and failing heart. Physiol Rev. 2005; 85: 10931129. PMID: 15987803 DOI: 10.1152/physrev.00006.2004Stanley W.C., Recchia FA., Lopaschuk G.D. Myocardial substrate metabolism in the normal and failing heart. Physiol Rev. 2005; 85: 10931129. PMID: 15987803 DOI: 10.1152/physrev.00006.2004Ariza A.C., Deen PM., Robben J.H. The succinate receptor as a novel therapeutic target for oxidative and metabolic stress-related conditions. Front Endocrinol. 2012; 3: 22. PMID: 22649411 PMCID: PMC3355999 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2012.00022Ariza A.C., Deen PM., Robben J.H. The succinate receptor as a novel therapeutic target for oxidative and metabolic stress-related conditions. Front Endocrinol. 2012; 3: 22. PMID: 22649411 PMCID: PMC3355999 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2012.00022Toma I., Kang J.J., Sipos A., Vargas S., Bansal E., Hanner F., Meer E., Peti-Peterdi J. Succinate receptor GPR91 provides a direct link between high glucose levels and renin release in murine and rabbit kidney. J Clin Invest. 2008; 118: 2526-2534. PMID: 18535668 PMCID: PMC2413183 DOI: 10.1172/JCI33293Toma I., Kang J.J., Sipos A., Vargas S., Bansal E., Hanner F., Meer E., Peti-Peterdi J. Succinate receptor GPR91 provides a direct link between high glucose levels and renin release in murine and rabbit kidney. J Clin Invest. 2008; 118: 2526-2534. PMID: 18535668 PMCID: PMC2413183 DOI: 10.1172/JCI33293He W., Miao FJ., Lin D.C., Schwandner R.T., Wang Z., Gao J., Chen J.L., Tian H., Ling L. Citric acid cycle intermediates as ligands for orphan G-protein-coupled receptors. Nature. 2004; 429: 188-193. PMID: 15141213 DOI: 10.1038/nature02488He W., Miao F.J., Lin D.C., Schwandner R.T., Wang Z., Gao J., Chen J.L., Tian H., Ling L. Citric acid cycle intermediates as ligands for orphan G-protein-coupled receptors. Nature. 2004; 429: 188-193. PMID: 15141213 DOI: 10.1038/nature02488Bada.wyAA. Immunotherapy of COVID-19 with poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase inhibitors: starting with nicotinamide. Biosci Rep. 2020; 40 (10): BSR20202856. DOI: 10.1042/BSR20202856Badawy A.A. Immunotherapy of COVID-19 with poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase inhibitors: starting with nicotinamide. Biosci Rep. 2020; 40 (10): BSR20202856. DOI: 10.1042/BSR20202856Horio Y., Hayashi T, Kuno A., Kunimoto R. Cellular and molecular effects of sirtuins in health and disease. Clin Sci (Lond). 2011; 121 (5): 191-203. DOI: 10.1042/CS20100587. PMID: 21599635.Horio Y., Hayashi T., Kuno A., Kunimoto R. Cellular and molecular effects of sirtuins in health and disease. Clin Sci (Lond). 2011; 121 (5): 191-203. DOI: 10.1042/CS20100587. PMID: 21599635.Huizenga R. Dramatic Clinical Improvement in Nine Consecutive Acutely Ill Elderly COVID-19 Patients Treated with a Nicotinamide Mononucleotide Cocktail: A Case Series (August 17, 2020). Available at SSRN: https://ssrn.com/abstract=3677428Huizenga R. Dramatic Clinical Improvement in Nine Consecutive Acutely Ill Elderly COVID-19 Patients Treated with a Nicotinamide Mononucleotide Cocktail: A Case Series (August 17, 2020). Available at SSRN: https://ssrn.com/abstract=3677428Афанасьев В.В., Баранцевич Е.Р., Вишневецкая Т.П. Азбука нейроцитопротекции. СПб.: Стрела, 2016.Afanasev V.V., Barantsevich E.R., Vishnevetskaya T.P The ABC of ne-urocytoprotection.SPb.: Strela, 2016 [In Russ.].Schonrich G., Raftery M.J., Samstag Y. Devilishly radical NETwork in COVID-19: Oxidative stress, neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs), and T cell suppression. Adv Biol Regul. 2020; 77: 100741. DOI: 10.1016/j.jbior.2020.100741. Epub 2020 Jul 4.Schonrich G., Raftery M.J., Samstag Y. Devilishly radical NETwork in COVID-19: Oxidative stress, neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs), and T cell suppression. Adv Biol Regul. 2020; 77: 100741. DOI: 10.1016/j.jbior.2020.100741. Epub 2020 Jul 4.Beltran-Garcia J., Osca-Verdegal R., Pallardo F.V., Ferreres J., Ro-driguez,M., Mulet, S., Sanchis-Gomar F., Carbonell N., Garcia-Gimenez, J.L. Oxidative Stress and Inflammation in COVID-19-Asso-ciated Sepsis: The Potential Role of Anti-Oxidant Therapy in Avoiding Disease Progression. Antioxidants (Basel, Switzerland). 2020; 9 (10): 936. DOI: 10.3390/antiox9100936Beltran-Garcia J., Osca-Verdegal R., Pallardo F.V., Ferreres J., Ro-driguez,M., Mulet, S., Sanchis-Gomar F., Carbonell N., Garcia-Gimenez, J.L. Oxidative Stress and Inflammation in COVID-19-Asso-ciated Sepsis: The Potential Role of Anti-Oxidant Therapy in Avoiding Disease Progression. Antioxidants (Basel, Switzerland). 2020; 9 (10): 936. DOI: 10.3390/antiox9100936Delgado-Roche L., Mesta F. Oxidative Stress as Key Player in Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus (SARS-CoV) Infection. Arch. Med. Res. 2020; 51: 384-387. DOI: 10.1016/j.arcmed.2020.04.019.Delgado-Roche L., Mesta F. Oxidative Stress as Key Player in Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus (SARS-CoV) Infection. Arch. Med. Res. 2020; 51: 384-387. DOI: 10.1016/j.arcmed.2020.04.019.Cecchini R., Cecchini A.L. SARS-CoV-2 infection pathogenesis is related to oxidative stress as a response to aggression. Med. Hypotheses. 2020; 143: 110102. DOI: 10.1016/j.mehy.2020.110102.Cecchini R., Cecchini A.L. SARS-CoV-2 infection pathogenesis is related to oxidative stress as a response to aggression. Med. Hypotheses. 2020; 143: 110102. DOI: 10.1016/j.mehy.2020.110102.Ferna.ndes I.G., de Brito CA., Dos Reis V, Sato M.N., Pereira N.Z.. SARS-CoV-2 and Other Respiratory Viruses: What Does Oxidative Stress Have to Do with It? Oxidative medicine and cellular longevity. 2020; 2020, 8844280. DOI: 10.1155/2020/8844280.Fernandes I.G., de Brito CA., Dos Reis V., Sato M.N., Pereira N.Z.. SARS-CoV-2 and Other Respiratory Viruses: What Does Oxidative Stress Have to Do with It? Oxidative medicine and cellular longevity. 2020; 2020, 8844280. DOI: 10.1155/2020/8844280.Laforge M., Elbim C., Frere C., Hemadi M., Massaad C., Nuss P., Beno-liel J.J., Becker C. Tissue damage from neutrophil-induced oxidative stress in COVID-19. Nat Rev Immunol. 2020; 20 (9): 515-516. DOI: 10.1038/s41577-020-0407-1.Laforge M., Elbim C., Frere C., Hemadi M., Massaad C., Nuss P, Beno-liel J.J., Becker C. Tissue damage from neutrophil-induced oxidative stress in COVID-19. Nat Rev Immunol. 2020; 20 (9): 515-516. DOI: 10.1038/s41577-020-0407-1.Teuwen L.A., Geldhof V., Pasut A., Carmeliet P. COVID-19: the vasculature unleashed. Nat. Rev. Immunol. 2020; 20: 389-391. DOI: 10.1038/s41577-020-0343-0.Teuwen L.A., Geldhof V., Pasut A., Carmeliet P. COVID-19: the vasculature unleashed. Nat. Rev. Immunol. 2020; 20: 389-391. DOI: 10.1038/s41577-020-0343-0.Beltran-Garcia J., Osca,-Verdegal R., Pallardo F.V., Ferreres J., Rodriguez M., Mulet S., Sa.nchis-Gomar F., Carbonell N., Garcia-Gimenez J.L. Oxidative Stress and Inflammation in COVID-19-Associated Sepsis: The Potential Role of Anti-Oxidant Therapy in Avoiding Disease Progression. Antioxidants (Basel). 2020; 9 (10): 936. DOI: 10.3390/antiox9100936. PMID: 33003552; PMCID: PMC7599810.Beltran-Garcia J., Osca-Verdegal R., Pallardo F.V., Ferreres J., Rodriguez M., Mulet S., Sanchis-Gomar F., Carbonell N., Garcia-Gimenez J.L. Oxidative Stress and Inflammation in COVID-19-Associated Sepsis: The Potential Role of Anti-Oxidant Therapy in Avoiding Disease Progression. Antioxidants (Basel). 2020; 9 (10): 936. DOI: 10.3390/antiox9100936. PMID: 33003552; PMCID: PMC7599810.Nagar H, Piao S., Kim C.-S. Role of Mitochondria! Oxidative Stress in Sepsis. Acute Crit. Care. 2018; 33: 65-72. DOI: 10.4266/acc.2018.00157.NagarH., Piao S., Kim C.-S. Role of Mitochondrial Oxidative Stress in Sepsis. Acute Crit. Care. 2018; 33: 65-72. DOI: 10.4266/acc.2018.00157.Li S., Ma F., Yokota T., Garcia G. Jr., Palermo A., Wang Y., Farrell C., WangY.C., WuR., ZhouZ., Pan C., Morselli M., TeitellMA., Ryazantsev S, Fishbein G.A., Ten Hoeve J., Arboleda V.A., Bloom J., Dillon B.J., Pellegrini M., Lusis A.J., Graeber T.G., Arumugaswami V, Deb A. Metabolic reprogramming and epigenetic changes of vita! organs in SARS-CoV-2 induced systemic toxicity. JCI Insight. 2020: 145027. DOI: 10.1172/jci.insight.145027. Epub ahead of print. PMID: 33284134.Li S., Ma F., Yokota T., Garcia G. Jr., Palermo A., Wang Y., Farrell C., Wang Y.C., Wu R., Zhou Z., Pan C., Morselli M., Teitell MA., Ryazantsev S., Fishbein G.A., Ten Hoeve J., Arboleda V.A., Bloom J., Dillon B.J., Pellegrini M., Lusis A.J., Graeber T.G., Arumugaswami V, Deb A. Metabolic reprogramming and epigenetic changes of vital organs in SARS-CoV-2 induced systemic toxicity. JCI Insight. 2020: 145027. DOI: 10.1172/jci.insight.145027. Epub ahead of print. PMID: 33284134.Dikalov S.I., Nazarewicz R.R. Angiotensin II-Induced Production of Mitochondrial Reactive Oxygen Species: Potential Mechanisms and Relevance for Cardiovascular Disease. Antioxidants & Redox Signaling. 2013; 19: 1085-1094. DOI: 10.1089/ars.2012.4604.Dikalov S.I., Nazarewicz R.R. Angiotensin II-Induced Production of Mitochondrial Reactive Oxygen Species: Potential Mechanisms and Relevance for Cardiovascular Disease. Antioxid. Redox Signal. 2013; 19: 1085-1094. DOI: 10.1089/ars.2012.4604.Zablocki D., Sadoshima J. Angiotensin II and Oxidative Stress in the Failing Heart. Antioxid. Redox Signal. 2013; 19: 1095-1109. DOI: 10.1089/ars.2012.4588.Zablocki D., Sadoshima J. Angiotensin II and Oxidative Stress in the Failing Heart. Antioxidants & Redox Signaling. 2013; 19: 1095-1109. DOI: 10.1089/ars.2012.4588.Abouhashem A.S., Singh K., Azzazy H.M. E., Sen C.K. Is low alveolar type II cell SOD3in the lungs of elderly linked to the observed severity of COVID-19? Antioxidants & Redox Signaling. 2020; 33 (2): 59-65. DOI: 10.1089/ars.2020.8111.Abouhashem A.S., Singh K., Azzazy H.M. E., Sen C.K. Is low alveolar type II cell SOD3in the lungs of elderly linked to the observed severity of COVID-19? Antioxidants & Redox Signaling. 2020; 33 (2): 59-65. DOI: 10.1089/ars.2020.8111.WongH.S., Dighe PA., Mezera V, Monternier PA., Brand M.D. Production of superoxide and hydrogen peroxide from specific mitochondrial sites under different bioenergetic conditions. J Biol Chem. 2017; 292 (41): 16804-16809. Epub 2017 Aug 24. DOI: 10.1074/jbc.R117.789271. PMID: 28842493; PMCID: PMC5641882.WongH.S., Dighe PA., Mezera V, Monternier PA., Brand M.D. Production of superoxide and hydrogen peroxide from specific mitochondrial sites under different bioenergetic conditions. J Biol Chem. 2017; 292 (41): 16804-16809. Epub 2017 Aug 24. DOI: 10.1074/jbc.R117.789271. PMID: 28842493; PMCID: PMC5641882.StevenS., FrenisK, OelzeM.,KalinovicS., KunticM., Bayo JimenezM.T., Vujacic-Mirski K., Helmstadter J., Kroller-Schon S., Munzel T., Daiber A. Vascular Inflammation and Oxidative Stress: Major Triggers for Cardiovascular Disease. Oxidative Med. Cell. Longev. 2019; 2019: 7092151. PMID: 31341533 PMCID: PMC6612399 DOI: 10.1155/2019/7092151Steven S., Frenis K., Oelze M., Kalinovic S., Kuntic M., Bayo Jimenez M.T., Vujacic-Mirski K., Helmstadter J., Kroller-Schon S., Munzel T., Daiber A. Vascular Inflammation and Oxidative Stress: Major Triggers for Cardiovascular Disease. Oxidative Med. Cell. Longev. 2019; 2019: 7092151. PMID: 31341533 PMCID: PMC6612399 DOI: 10.1155/2019/7092151Zhang X., Zink F., Hezel F., Vogt J., Wachter U., Wepler M., Loconte M., Krnnz C., Hellmann A., Mizaikoff B., Radermacher P., Hartmann C. Metabolic substrate utilization in stress-induced immune cells. Intensive Care Med Exp. 2020; 8 (Suppl 1): 28. DOI: 10.1186/s40635-020-00316-0. PMID: 33336295; PMCID: PMC7746792.Zhang X., Zink F., Hezel F., Vogt J., Wachter U., Wepler M., Loconte M., Kranz C., Hellmann A., Mizaikoff B., Radermacher P., Hartmann C. Metabolic substrate utilization in stress-induced immune cells. Intensive Care Med Exp. 2020; 8 (Suppl 1): 28. DOI: 10.1186/s40635-020-00316-0. PMID: 33336295; PMCID: PMC7746792.Зрячкин Н.И., Чудакова Т.К. Эффективность реамберина в инфузионной терапии ацетонемического синдрома у детей с острыми респираторными вирусными инфекциями. Экспериментальная и клиническая фармакология. 2013; 76 (6): 41-44.Zryachkin N.I., Chudakova T.K. Efficacy of reamberin in the infusion therapy of acetonemic syndrome in children with acute respiratory viral infections.Eksperimentalnaya i klinicheskaya farmakologiya. 2013; 76 (6): 41-44 [In Russ.].Пшениснов К.В., Александрович Ю.С. Применение растворов сукцината в комплексной интенсивной терапии диабетического кетоацидоза у детей (случай из практики). Медицинский алфавит. 2014; 9 (2): 32-36.PshenisnovK.V., Aleksandrovich Yu.S. The use of succinate solutions in the complex intensive care of diabetic ketoacidosis in children (a case from practice). Meditsinskiy alfavit. 2014; 9 (2): 32-36 [In Russ.].Bada.wy A.A. Immunotherapy of COVID-19 with poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase inhibitors: starting with nicotinamide. Biosci Rep. 2020; 40 (10): BSR20202856. DOI: 10.1042/BSR20202856BadawyAA. Immunotherapy of COVID-19 with poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase inhibitors: starting with nicotinamide. Biosci Rep. 2020; 40 (10): BSR20202856. DOI: 10.1042/BSR20202856Михайлова Е.В., Данилов А.Н., Чудакова Т.К., Романовская А.В., Дубовицшя НА. Острые респираторные вирусные инфекции у детей: клиника, гемореологические нарушения и методы их коррекции. Экспериментальная и клиническая фармакология. 2013; 76 (3): 19-22.Mikhaylova E.V., DanilovA.N., Chudakova T.K., RomanovskayaA.V., Dubovitskaya N.A. Acute respiratory viral infections in children: clinic, hemorheological disorders and methods of their correction. Eksperimentalnaya i klinicheskaya farmakologiya. 2013; 76 (3): 19-22 [In Russ.].Михайлова Е.В., Чудакова Т.К. Грипп у детей. Гематологические показатели интоксикации, детоксикационная терапия. Экспериментальная и клиническая фармакология. 2015; 78 (5): 33-36.MihaylovaE.V., Chudakova T.K. Flu in children. Hematological indicators of intoxication, detoxification therapy. Eksperimentalnaya i klinicheskayafarmakologiya. 2015; 78 (5): 33-36 [In Russ.].Александрович Ю.С., Юрьев О.В., Пшениснов К.В., Красносельский К.Ю. Интраоперационая коррекция нарушений температурного гомеостаза у детей. Экспериментальная и клиническая фармакология. 2012; 75 (5): 39-43. PMID: 22834129.Aleksandrovich Yu.S., Yurev O.V, PshenisnovK.V., KrasnoselskiyK.Yu. Intraoperative correction of temperature homeostasis disorders in children. Eksperimentalnaya i klinicheskaya farmakologiya. 2012; 75 (5): 39-43 [In Russ.]. PMID: 22834129.Красносельский К.Ю., Александрович Ю.С., Гордеев В.И., Лосев НА. О возможности управления интраоперационной терморегуляцией. Анестезиология и реаниматология. 2007; 3: 33-35. PMID: 17684988.Krasnoselskiy K.Yu., Aleksandrovich Yu.S., Gordeev VI., LosevN.A. On the possibility of controlling intraoperative thermoregulation. Ane-steziol. i reanimatol. 2007; 3: 33-35 [In Russ.]. PMID: 17684988.ЛукьяноваЛ.Д. Современные проблемы адаптации к гипоксии. Сигнальные механизмы и их роль в системной регуляции. Патол. физиология и эксперим. терапия. 2011; (1): 3-19.Lukyanova L.D. Modern problems of adaptation to hypoxia. Signaling mechanisms and their role in systemic regulation. Patol. fiziologiya i eksperim. terapiya. 2011; (1): 3-19 [In Russ.].Орлов Ю.П., Лукач В.Н., Филиппов С.И., Глущенко А.В., Малюк А.И., Притыкина Т.В., Пархоменко К.К., Петрова Ю.В. Эффективность и безопасность сбалансированного раствора с антиоксидантной направленностью реамберин в интенсивной терапии перитонита и острой кишечной непроходимости. Хирургия. Журнал им. Н.И. Пирогова. 2012; (2): 64-69.Orlov Yu.P., Lukach V.N., Filippov S.I., Gluschenko A.V., MalyukA.I., Prityikina T.V., Parhomenko K.K., Petrova Yu.V. Efficacy and safety of a balanced solution with an antioxidant orientation of reamberin in the intensive care of peritonitis and acute intestinal obstruction. Khi-rurgiya.Zhurnalim. N.I. Pirogova. 2012; (2): 64-69 [In Russ.]..Владимиров ЮА. Свободные радикалы и антиоксиданты. Вестник РАМН 1998; 7: 43-51.Vladimirov YuA. Free radicals and antioxidants. VestnikRAMN. 1998; 7: 43-51 [In Russ.].Сурина-Марышева Е.Ф., Кривохижина Л.В., Кантюков СА., Сергиенко В.И., Ермолаева Е.Н., Смирнов Д.М. Влияние церулоплазмина на количество и резистентность эритроцитов при физической нагрузке. Бюл эксперим биол. 2009; 148: 8: 151-153.Surina-MaryishevaE.F., KrivohizhinaL.V., KantyukovS.A., Sergienko VI., Ermolaeva E.N., SmirnovD.M. The effect of ceruloplasmin on the number and resistance of red blood cells during exercise. Byul eksperim biol. 2009; 148: 8: 151-153 [In Russ.].Corna G., Ca.mpa.naL., Pignatti E., Castiglioni A., Tagliafico E., Bosurgi L., Campa,nella A., Brunelli S., Manfredi A.A., Apostoli P., Silvestri L., Camaschella C., Rovere-Querini P. Polarization Dictates Iron Handling by Inflammatory and Alternatively Activated Macrophages. Haema-tobgica. 2010; 95 (11): 1814-22. DOI: 10.3324/haematol.2010.023879.Corna G., Campana L., Pignatti E., Castiglioni A., Tagliafico E., Bosurgi L., Campanella A., Brunelli S., Manfredi A.A., Apostoli P., Silvestri L., Camaschella C., Rovere-Querini P. Polarization Dictates Iron Handling by Inflammatory and Alternatively Activated Macrophages. Haematobgica. 2010; 95 (11): 1814-22. DOI: 10.3324/haematol.2010.023879.Liu W., Zhang S., Nekhai S., Liu S. Depriving Iron Supply to the Virus Represents a Promising Adjuvant Therapeutic Against Viral Survival. Curr Clin Microbiol Rep. 2020; 20: 1-7. PMID: 32318324 PMCID: PMC7169647 DOI: 10.1007/s40588-020-00140-wLiu W., Zhang S., Nekhai S., Liu S. Depriving Iron Supply to the Virus Represents a Promising Adjuvant Therapeutic Against Viral Survival. Curr Clin Microbiol Rep. 2020; 20: 1-7. PMID: 32318324 PMCID: PMC7169647 DOI: 10.1007/s40588-020-00140-wChapela S.P., Burgos I., Congost C., Canzonieri R., Muryan A., Alonso M, Stella C.A. Parenteral Succinate Reduces Systemic ROS Production in Septic Rats, but It Does Not Reduce Creatinine Levels. Oxid Med Cell Longev. 2018; 2018: 1928945. DOI: 10.1155/2018/1928945. PMID: 30524651; PMCID: PMC6247384.Chapela S.P., Burgos I., Congost C., Canzonieri R., Muryan A., Alonso M., Stella C.A. Parenteral Succinate Reduces Systemic ROS Production in Septic Rats, but It Does Not Reduce Creatinine Levels. Oxid Med Cell Longev. 2018; 2018: 1928945. DOI: 10.1155/2018/1928945. PMID: 30524651; PMCID: PMC6247384.Protti A., Carre J, Frost M.T., Taylor V., Stidwill R., Rudiger A., Singer M. Succinate recovers mitochondrial oxygen consumption in septic rat skeletal muscle. Crit Care Med. 2007; 35 (9): 2150-2155. DOI: 10.1097/01.ccm.0000281448.00095.4d. PMID: 17855829.Protti A., Carre J., Frost M.T., Taylor V., Stidwill R., Rudiger A., Singer M. Succinate recovers mitochondrial oxygen consumption in septic rat skeletal muscle. Crit Care Med. 2007; 35 (9): 2150-2155. DOI: 10.1097/01.ccm.0000281448.00095.4d. PMID: 17855829.Афанасьев В.В. Клиническая фармакология реамберина (очерк): пособие для врачей; М-во здравоохранения и соц. развития Рос. Федерации, ГУ Ин-т токсикологии, С.-Петерб. гос. мед. акад. последиплом. образования. СПб., 2005.Afanasyev VV. Clinical pharmacology of reamberin (essay): a manual for doctors; Ministry of Health and Social Development of the Russian Federation. Russian Federation, State Institute of Toxicology, St. Petersburg State Medical University. acad. postgraduate course. education, St. Petersburg, 2005. [In Russ.].Косинец В А Применение реамберина в коррекции функциональной активности энтероцитов при экспериментальном гнойном перитоните. Экспериментальная и клиническая фармакология 2010; 73 (2): 35-38.Kosinets VA. The use of reamberin in the correction of the functional activity of enterocytes in experimental purulent peritonitis. Eksperimentalnaya i klinicheskaya farmakologiya. 2010; 73 (2): 35-38 [In Russ.].Needham DM. A quantitative study of succinic acid in muscle. Glutamic and aspartic acids as precursors. Biochem J. 1930; 24 (1): 208227. PMID: 16744345 PMCID: PMC1254374 DOI: 10.1042/bj0240208Needham D.M. A quantitative study of succinic acid in muscle. Glutamic and aspartic acids as precursors. Biochem J. 1930; 24 (1): 208227. PMID: 16744345 PMCID: PMC1254374 DOI: 10.1042/bj0240208Needham DM. A Quantitative Study of Succinic Acid in Muscle. II: The Metabolic Relationships of Succinic, Malic and Fumaric Acids. Biochem J. 1927; 21 (3): 739-750. DOI: 10.1042/bj0210739.Needham D.M. A Quantitative Study of Succinic Acid in Muscle. II: The Metabolic Relationships of Succinic, Malic and Fumaric Acids. Biochem J. 1927; 21 (3): 739-750. DOI: 10.1042/bj0210739.Starling S. Succinate regulates muscle exercise adaptations. Nat Rev Endocrinol. 2020; 16 (12): 678-679. DOI: 10.1038/s41574-020-00429-2.Starling S. Succinate regulates muscle exercise adaptations. Nat Rev Endocrinol. 2020; 16 (12): 678-679. DOI: 10.1038/s41574-020-00429-2.Reddy A., Bozi L.H.M., Yaghi O.K., Mills E.L., Xiao H., Nicholson H.E., Paschini M., Paulo J.A., Garrity R., Laznik-Bogoslavski D., Ferreira J.C.B., Carl C.S., Sjoberg KA., Wojtaszewski J.F.P., Jeppesen J.F., Kiens B., Gygi S.P., RichterE.A., MathisD., Chouchani E.T. pH-gated succinate secretion regulates muscle remodeling in response to exercise. Cell. 2020; 183 (1): 62-75.e17. PMID: 32946811 PMCID: PMC7778787 (available on 2021-10-01) DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2020.08.039Reddy A., Bozi L.H.M., Yaghi O.K., Mills E.L., Xiao H., Nicholson H.E., Paschini M., Paulo J.A., Garrity R., Laznik-Bogoslavski D., Ferreira J.C.B., Carl C.S., Sjoberg K.A., Wojtaszewski J.F.P., Jeppesen J.F., Kiens B., Gygi S.P., RichterE.A., Mathis D., Chouchani E.T. pH-gated succinate secretion regulates muscle remodeling in response to exercise. Cell. 2020; 183 (1): 62-75.e17. PMID: 32946811 PMCID: PMC7778787 (available on 2021-10-01) DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2020.08.039Макинтош Р, Машин У., ЭпштейнХ. Физика для анестезиологов, , Пер. с англ. Е. А. Теплицкого; Под ред. заслуж. деятеля науки проф. И. С. Жорова. Медгиз. 1962. 396 с.Mackintosh R., Machin W., Epstein H. Physics for anesthesiologists,, Translated from the English by E. A. Teplitsky; Ed. prof. I.S. Zhorov. Medgiz. 1962. 396 p [In Russ.].

The authors declare that there are no conflicts of interest present.