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<article article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.3" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xml:lang="ru"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">rmt</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="ru">Общая реаниматология</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>General Reanimatology</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn pub-type="ppub">1813-9779</issn><issn pub-type="epub">2411-7110</issn><publisher><publisher-name>FSBI "SRIGR" RAMS</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.15360/1813-9779-2023-2-2265</article-id><article-id custom-type="elpub" pub-id-type="custom">rmt-2265</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>КЛИНИЧЕСКИЕ ИССЛЕДОВАНИЯ</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>CLINICAL STUDIES</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title>Вторичные инфекции у пациентов с COVID-19 крайне тяжелого течения во время проведения ЭКМО</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Secondary Infections in Patients with Extremely Severe COVID-19 During ECMO Therapy</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9147-4636</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Андреев</surname><given-names>С. С.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Andreev</surname><given-names>S. S.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Андреев Сергей Сергеевич - заведующий отделом клинической фармакологии.</p><p>123182, Москва, ул. Пехотная, д. 3</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Sergei S. Andreev.</p><p>3 Pekhotnaya Str., 123182 Moscow</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">nerowolf@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6569-2106</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Кецкало</surname><given-names>М. В.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Ketskalo</surname><given-names>M. V.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Кецкало Михаил Валерьевич.</p><p>123182, Москва, ул. Пехотная, д. 3; 117997, Москва, ул. Академика Опарина, д. 4</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Mikhail V. Ketskalo.</p><p>3 Pekhotnaya Str., 123182 Moscow; 4 Academic Oparin Str., 117997 Moscow</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">m.ketskalo@gmail.com</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-2"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2960-5236</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Нарусова</surname><given-names>П. О.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Narusova</surname><given-names>P. O.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Нарусова Полина Олеговна.</p><p>123182, Москва, ул. Пехотная, д. 3</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Polina O. Narusova.</p><p>3 Pekhotnaya Str., 123182 Moscow</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">pnarusova@yandex.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6010-7975</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Лысенко</surname><given-names>М. А.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Lysenko</surname><given-names>M. A.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Лысенко Марьяна Анатольевна.</p><p>123182, Москва, ул. Пехотная, д. 3; 117997, Москва, ул. Островитянова, д. 1</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Maryana A. Lysenko.</p><p>3 Pekhotnaya Str., 123182 Moscow; 1 Ostrovityanov Str., 117997 Moscow</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">gkb52@zdrav.mos.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-3"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff-1"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>Городская клиническая больница №52 Департамента здравоохранения г. Москвы</institution><country>Россия</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>City Clinical Hospital № 52, Moscow City Health Department</institution><country>Russian Federation</country></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff-2"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>Городская клиническая больница №52 Департамента здравоохранения г. Москвы; Национальный медицинский исследовательский центр акушерства, гинекологии и перинатологии им. В.И. Кулакова Минздрава России</institution><country>Россия</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>City Clinical Hospital № 52, Moscow City Health Department; V.I. Kulakov National Medical Research Center for Obstetrics, Gynecology and Perinatology, Ministry of Health of Russia</institution><country>Russian Federation</country></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff-3"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>Городская клиническая больница №52 Департамента здравоохранения г. Москвы; Российский национальный исследовательский медицинский университет им. Н.И. Пирогова Минздрава РФ</institution><country>Россия</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>City Clinical Hospital № 52, Moscow City Health Department; N.I. Pirogov Russian National Medical Research University, Ministry of Health of Russia</institution><country>Russian Federation</country></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date pub-type="collection"><year>2023</year></pub-date><pub-date pub-type="epub"><day>26</day><month>04</month><year>2023</year></pub-date><volume>19</volume><issue>2</issue><fpage>4</fpage><lpage>13</lpage><permissions><copyright-statement>Copyright &amp;#x00A9; Андреев С.С., Кецкало М.В., Нарусова П.О., Лысенко М.А., 2023</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2023</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Андреев С.С., Кецкало М.В., Нарусова П.О., Лысенко М.А.</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Andreev S.S., Ketskalo M.V., Narusova P.O., Lysenko M.A.</copyright-holder><license xml:lang="ru" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>Данная работа распространяется под лицензией Creative Commons Attribution 4.0.</license-p></license><license xml:lang="en" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.</license-p></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://www.reanimatology.com/rmt/article/view/2265">https://www.reanimatology.com/rmt/article/view/2265</self-uri><abstract><sec><title> </title><p> </p><p>До 70% госпитализированных по поводу COVID-19 пациентов нуждаются в респираторной поддержке, до 10% — в проведении высокопоточной оксигенотерапии, неинвазивной и инвазивной вентиляции легких, у 0,4-0,5% стандартные способы респираторной поддержки неэффективны. В случае развития потенциально обратимой критической рефрактерной дыхательной недостаточности рекомендуется рассмотрение вопроса применения ЭКМО. Ведение пациентов с крайне тяжелым течением COVID-19 сопровождается большим количеством клинических трудностей: критическое состояние, мультиорганное поражение, нарушения системы гемостаза, необходимость длительного пребывания в ОРИТ, сопутствующая терапия (в том числе иммуносупрессивная). Лекарственное подавление иммунитета сопровождается значительным повышением риска развития вторичных инфекционных осложнений — в первую очередь бактериальных и грибковых. В настоящее время имеются ограниченные данные об эпидемиологии вторичных инфекций у пациентов с COVID-19, которым проводится ЭКМО.</p></sec><sec><title>Цель исследования</title><p>Цель исследования. Изучение распространенности и этиологии вторичных инфекций, сопровождающихся выделением патогенов из крови, развившихся у пациентов с COVID-19 крайне тяжелого течения, требующих проведения ЭКМО.</p></sec><sec><title>Материалы и методы</title><p>Материалы и методы. Одноцентровое ретроспективное неинтервенционное эпидемиологическое исследование у 125 пациентов с COVID-19 крайне тяжелого течения, которым проводили ЭКМО в период с апреля 2020 года до декабря 2021 года.</p></sec><sec><title>Результаты</title><p>Результаты. 125 пациентам провели 700 исследований крови на стерильность. Бактериемию/фунгемию выявили в 250 случаях. В зависимости от сроков ЭКМО менялась структура патогенов: в дебюте ведущими возбудителями выступали грамположительные патогены (в первую очередь — коагулазонегативные стафилококки), при увеличении продолжительности ЭКМО увеличивалась доля характерных для ОРИТ возбудителей (Klebsiella pneumoniae, Acinetobacter baumannii с фенотипами экстремальной резистентности и панрезистентности, ванкомицинрезистентный Enterococcus faecium). При продолжительности ЭКМО более 7-14 суток значимую роль играли оппортунистические патогены (Candida species, Stenotrophomonas maltophilia, Providencia stuartii, недифтерийные коринебактерии, Burkholderia species и другие).</p></sec><sec><title>Заключение</title><p>Заключение. При увеличении сроков проведения ЭКМО прогрессивно нарастает частота инфекционных осложнений. При продолжительности ЭКМО более 14 суток микробиологический пейзаж у пациентов становится чрезвычайно разнообразным, что затрудняет выбор эмпирической антимикробной терапии. Вследствие того, что спектр возбудителей вторичных инфекций у пациентов во время ЭКМО становится труднопредсказуемым, быстрая идентификация редких оппортунистических патогенов и их профиля чувствительности, целенаправленное назначение антимикробных препаратов приносит наибольшую пользу.</p></sec></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="en"><p>Up to 70% of patients hospitalized for COVID-19 need respiratory support, up to 10% need high-flow oxygen therapy, non-invasive and invasive ventilation. However, standard methods of respiratory support are ineffective in 0.4-0.5% of patients. In case of potentially reversible critical refractory respiratory failure that patients may require ECMO. Management of patients with extremely severe COVID-19 associates with numerous clinical challenges, including critical illness, multiple organ dysfunction, blood coagulation disorders, requiring prolonged ICU stay and care, use of multiple pharmacotherapies including immunosuppressive drugs. Pharmacological suppression of immunity is associated with a significant increase in the risk of secondary bacterial and fungal infections. Currently, data on epidemiology of secondary infections in patients with COVID-19 undergoing ECMO is limited.</p><sec><title>Aim</title><p>Aim. To study the prevalence and etiology of secondary infections associated with positive blood cultures in patients with extremely severe COVID-19 requiring ECMO.</p></sec><sec><title>Materials and methods</title><p>Materials and methods. A single-center retrospective non-interventional epidemiological study including 125 patients with extremely severe COVID-19 treated with ECMO in April 2020 to December 2021.</p></sec><sec><title>Results</title><p>Results. Out of 700 blood culture tests performed in 125 patients during the study, 250 tests were positive confirming bacteremia/fungemia. Isolated pathogens varied depending on the duration of ECMO: gram-positive bacteria (primarily coagulase-negative staphylococci) dominated from the initiation of ECMO support; increased duration of ECMO associated with an increasing the proportion of pathogens common in ICU (Klebsiella pneumoniae and/or Acinetobacter baumannii with extensively drug resistant and pan-drug resistant phenotypes, and vancomycin-resistant Enterococcus faecium). When ECMO lasted more than 7-14 days, opportunistic pathogens (Candida species, Stenotrophomonas maltophilia, Providencia stuartii, non-diphtheria corynebacteria, Burkholderia species and others) prevailed as etiological agents.</p></sec><sec><title>Conclusion</title><p>Conclusion. Longer duration of ECMO resulted in increasing the rates of infectious complications. In patients undergoing ECMO for more than 14 days, the microbiological landscape becomes extremely diverse, which hampers choosing an empirical antimicrobial therapy. Since potential pathogens causing secondary infections in patients during ECMO are difficult to predict, rapid identification of rare opportunistic pathogens and their sensitivity profile, followed by targeted administration of antimicrobials, seems most beneficial.</p></sec></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>COVID-19</kwd><kwd>ЭКМО</kwd><kwd>вторичные инфекции</kwd><kwd>полирезистентные возбудители</kwd><kwd>K. pneumoniae</kwd><kwd>антимикробная терапия</kwd><kwd>оппортунистические патогены</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>COVID-19</kwd><kwd>ECMO</kwd><kwd>secondary infections</kwd><kwd>multi-drug resistant pathogens</kwd><kwd>K. pneumoniae</kwd><kwd>antimicrobial therapy</kwd><kwd>opportunistic pathogens</kwd></kwd-group></article-meta></front><back><ref-list><title>References</title><ref id="cit1"><label>1</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Wu F., Zhao S., Yu B., Chen Y.-M., Wang W., Song Z.-G., Hu Y. et al. 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