<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<!DOCTYPE article PUBLIC "-//NLM//DTD JATS (Z39.96) Journal Publishing DTD v1.3 20210610//EN" "JATS-journalpublishing1-3.dtd">
<article article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.3" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xml:lang="ru"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">rmt</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="ru">Общая реаниматология</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>General Reanimatology</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn pub-type="ppub">1813-9779</issn><issn pub-type="epub">2411-7110</issn><publisher><publisher-name>FSBI "SRIGR" RAMS</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.15360/1813-9779-2024-2-29-40</article-id><article-id custom-type="elpub" pub-id-type="custom">rmt-2392</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>КЛИНИЧЕСКИЕ ИССЛЕДОВАНИЯ</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>CLINICAL STUDIES</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title>Связь фенотипов сепсиса с особенностями лечения пациентов с вирусной и бактериальной пневмонией</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Relationship Between Sepsis Phenotypes and Treatment Characteristics of Patients with Viral and Bacterial Pneumonia</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1507-833X</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Руслякова</surname><given-names>И. А.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Ruslyakova</surname><given-names>I. A.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Ирина Анатольевна Руслякова - к.м.н., ассистент кафедры анестезиологии и реаниматологии им. В.Л. Ваневского.</p><p>195067, Санкт-Петербург, Пискаревский пр., д. 47</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Irina A. Ruslyakova - Ph.D. of Medical Sciences, Assistant of the Department of Anesthesiology and Resuscitation named after V.L. Vanevsky.</p><p>47 Piskarevskii prospect, 195067 St. Petersburg</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">ruslyakova777dok@gmail.com</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0009-0003-5800-8697</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Шамсутдинова</surname><given-names>Э. З.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Shamsutdinova</surname><given-names>E. Z.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Эльвина Зинуровна Шамсутдинова - клинический ординатор кафедры анестезиологии и реаниматологии им. В.Л. Ваневского.</p><p>195067, Санкт-Петербург, Пискаревский пр., д. 47</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Elvina Z. Shamsutdinova - Clinical Resident of the Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care named after V.L. Vanevsky.</p><p>47 Piskarevskii prospect, 195067 St. Petersburg</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">el_bus@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1000-1114</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Гайковая</surname><given-names>Л. Б.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Gaikovaya</surname><given-names>L. B.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Лариса Борисовна Гайковая - д.м.н., заведующий кафедрой клинической лабораторной диагностики, биологической и общей химии им. В.В. Соколовского.</p><p>195067, Санкт-Петербург, Пискаревский пр., д. 47</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Larisa B. Gaikovaya - MD of Medical Sciences, Head of the Department of Clinical Laboratory Diagnostics, Biological and General Chemistry named after. V.V. Sokolovsky.</p><p>47 Piskarevskii prospect, 195067 St. Petersburg</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">Larisa.Gaikovaya@szgmu.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff-1"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>Северо-Западный государственный медицинский университет им. И.И. Мечникова Минздрава России</institution><country>Россия</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>I.I. Mechnikov North-Western State Medical University, Ministry of Health of Russia</institution><country>Russian Federation</country></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date pub-type="collection"><year>2024</year></pub-date><pub-date pub-type="epub"><day>24</day><month>04</month><year>2024</year></pub-date><volume>20</volume><issue>2</issue><fpage>29</fpage><lpage>39</lpage><permissions><copyright-statement>Copyright &amp;#x00A9; Руслякова И.А., Шамсутдинова Э.З., Гайковая Л.Б., 2024</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2024</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Руслякова И.А., Шамсутдинова Э.З., Гайковая Л.Б.</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Ruslyakova I.A., Shamsutdinova E.Z., Gaikovaya L.B.</copyright-holder><license xml:lang="ru" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>Данная работа распространяется под лицензией Creative Commons Attribution 4.0.</license-p></license><license xml:lang="en" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.</license-p></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://www.reanimatology.com/rmt/article/view/2392">https://www.reanimatology.com/rmt/article/view/2392</self-uri><abstract><p>Кластеризация новых подгрупп заболеваний, которые невозможно предсказать, используя только клинические ковариаты, у пациентов с тяжелой внебольничной пневмонией (ТВП), позволит улучшить подходы к диагностике и будет способствовать адаптации конкретных методов лечения пациентов к их индивидуальным особенностям.</p><sec><title>Цель исследования</title><p>Цель исследования. Выделить фенотипы сепсиса у пациентов с ТВП для повышения эффективности терапии и улучшения прогнозирования исхода.</p></sec><sec><title>Материалы и методы</title><p>Материалы и методы. Провели ретроспективный анализ 664 историй болезни пациентов с сепсисом в отделении реанимации и интенсивной терапии (ОРИТ) Северо-Западного государственного медицинского университета им. И. И. Мечникова с 2016 г. по 2023 г. В исследование включили 568 (85,5%) пациентов с ТВП вирусного генеза (группа ТВПв) и 96 (14,5%) пациентов с ТВП бактериального генеза (группа ТВПб). По алгоритму, предложенному C. Seymour W. и соавт., выделили фенотипы сепсиса. Пациентам с ТВП COVID-19 (n=293, 51,6%) провели генно-инженерную биологическую терапию (ГИБТ). Сравнили выборки пациентов, получивших и не получивших ГИБТ. Информацию обработали статистически в пакетах программ Statistica 10.0 и SPSS.</p></sec><sec><title>Результаты</title><p>Результаты. Среди всех пациентов выделили 4 фенотипа сепсиса: α- (n=323, 48,6%); β- (n=128, 19,3%); γ- (n=87, 13,1%); δ - (n=126, 19%). В группе ТВПв наибольшую долю составили пациенты с α-фенотипом сепсиса — 295 (51,9%), в то время как в группе ТВПб преобладал δ -фенотип — 53 (55,2%). Частота применения ГИБТ при α-фенотипе сепсиса была выше по сравнению с другими фенотипами: при α- у 61,8% пациентов, при β- у 16%, γ- у 12,6%, при δ - у 9,6%, p&lt;0,05. Наилучший эффект применения ГИБТ моноклональными антителами к рецептору интерлейкина-6 получили у пациентов с α-фенотипом сепсиса при ТВП COVID-19 — 87,5% благоприятных исходов, p=0,0419. При α- и δ -фенотипах сепсиса у пациентов, получивших ГИБТ, бактериальный сепсис развивался значительно реже, чем у не получивших: при α-фенотипе — у 12,71 vs 23,2%, p=0,0131; при δ -фенотипе — у 25,0 vs 70,41%, p=0,0254, соответственно.</p></sec><sec><title>Заключение</title><p>Заключение. Выявленные различия в фенотипах сепсиса у пациентов с вирусной и бактериальной ТВП дают возможность использовать дифференцированный подход при выборе терапевтической тактики ведения больных и точнее прогнозировать осложнения и исходы.</p></sec></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="en"><p>New subgroups of patients with severe community-acquired pneumonia (SCAP) are hardly predicted by the use of clinical covariates; clusterization may signiﬁcantly improve diagnostic approaches and facilitate the adaptation of speciﬁc treatment modalities to patient’s individual characteristics.</p><sec><title>The aim of the study</title><p>The aim of the study. To identify linking the sepsis phenotype in patients with SCAP and preferable treatment option to forecasting the outcome and improve treatment results.</p></sec><sec><title>Materials and methods</title><p>Materials and methods. Case histories of 664 of intensive care unit (ICU) patients with sepsis (2016–2023) from I. I. Mechnikov Northwestern State Medical University were analyzed. The study included 568 (85.5%) patients with viral SCAP (SCAPv group) and 96 (14.5%) patients with bacterial SCAP (SCAPb group). Sepsis phenotypes were identiﬁed using algorithm proposed by Seymour C.W. et al. In SCAP cases associated with COVID-19 infection (n=293, 51.6%) patients received genetically engineered biological therapy (GIBT). The study compared two cohorts of patients: those who received GIBT and did not receive GIBT. Data were statistically processed using the Statistica 10.0 and SPSS software packages.</p></sec><sec><title>Results</title><p>Results. Analysis revealed 4 sepsis phenotypes: α- (N=323, 48.6%); β- (N=128, 19.3%); γ- (N=87, 13.1%); δ - (N=126, 19%). The majority of SCAPv group patients — 295 (51.9%) — had α-phenotype of sepsis, while δ -phenotype prevailed in the SCAPb group — 53 (55.2%). The proportion of patients receiving GIBT and exhibiting α- sepsis phenotype dominated over other sepsis phenotypes: 61.8% of patientspossesed α- phenotype, whereas β-, γ- and δ -phenotypes were determined in 16% , 12.6%, and 9.6% of GIBT patients, respectivelty (P&lt;0.05). The best eﬀect of using monoclonal antibodies to interleukin-6 receptors as a GIBT was obtained in patients with the α-phenotype sepsis and COVID-19-associated SCAP: 87.5% favorable outcomes, P=0.0419. Rate of bacterial sepsis was signiﬁcantly lower in patients with α- and δ -phenotypes of sepsis receiving GIBT vs those who did not receive this therapy: 12.71% vs 23.2% of patients with α-phenotype, P=0.0131; 25.0% vs 70.41% of patients with δ -phenotype, P=0.0254, respectively.</p></sec><sec><title>Conclusion</title><p>Conclusion. Diﬀerences in sepsis phenotype between patients with viral or bacterial SCAP may stratify patients for diﬀerent therapeutic management and more accurately predict potential complications and unfavorable outcome.</p></sec></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>фенотипы сепсиса</kwd><kwd>тяжелая внебольничная пневмония</kwd><kwd>генно-инженерная биологическая терапия</kwd><kwd>ответная реакция</kwd><kwd>исход</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>sepsis phenotypes</kwd><kwd>severe community-acquired pneumonia</kwd><kwd>genetically engineered biological therapy</kwd><kwd>response</kwd><kwd>outcome</kwd></kwd-group></article-meta></front><back><ref-list><title>References</title><ref id="cit1"><label>1</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Авдеев С. Н., Белобородов В. Б., Белоцерковский Б. З., Грицан А. И., Дехнич А. В., Зайцев А. А., Киров М. Ю., с соавт. Тяжелая внебольничная пневмония у взрослых. Клинические рекомендации Федерации анестезиологов и реаниматологов России. Анестезиология и реаниматология. 2022; (1): 6–35. DOI: 10.17116/anaesthesiology20220116.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Avdeev SN., Beloborodov V. B., Belotserkovskiy B. Z., Gritsan A. I., Dekhnich A. V., Zaitsev A. A., Kirov M.Yu., et al. Severe community-acquired pneumonia in adults. Clinical recommendations from Russian Federation of Anaesthesiologists and Reanimatologists. Russian J Anesthesiol Reanimatol=Anesteziologiya i Reanimatologiya. 2022; (1): 6–35. (In Russ.)]. DOI: 10.17116/anaesthesiology20220116.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit2"><label>2</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Cavallazzi R., Furmanek S., Arnold F. W., Beavin L. A., Wunderink R. G., Niederman M. S., Ramirez J. A. The burden of community-acquired pneumonia requiring admission to ICU in the United States. Chest. 2020; 158 (3): 1008–1016. DOI: 10.1016/j.chest.2020.03.051. PMID: 32298730.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Cavallazzi R., Furmanek S., Arnold F. W., Beavin L. A., Wunderink R. G., Niederman M. S., Ramirez J. A. The burden of community-acquired pneumonia requiring admission to ICU in the United States. Chest. 2020; 158 (3): 1008–1016. DOI: 10.1016/j.chest.2020.03.051. PMID: 32298730.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit3"><label>3</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Rudd K. E., Johnson S. C., Agesa K. M., Shackelford K. A., Tsoi D., Kievlan D. R., Colombara D. V., et al. Global, regional, and national sepsis incidence and mortality, 1990-2017: analysis for the Global Burden of Disease study. Lancet. 2020; 395 (10219): 200–211. DOI: 10.1016/S0140-6736 (19)32989-7. PMID: 31954465.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Rudd K. E., Johnson S. C., Agesa K. M., Shackelford K. A., Tsoi D., Kievlan D. R., Colombara D. V., et al. Global, regional, and national sepsis incidence and mortality, 1990-2017: analysis for the Global Burden of Disease study. Lancet. 2020; 395 (10219): 200–211. DOI: 10.1016/S0140-6736 (19)32989-7. PMID: 31954465.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit4"><label>4</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Martin-Loeches I., Torres A., Nagavci B., Aliberti S., Antonelli M., Bassetti M., Bos L. D., et al. ERS/ESICM/ESCMID/ALAT guidelines for the management of severe community-acquired pneumonia. Intensive Care Med. 2023; 49 (6): 615– 632. DOI: 10.1007/s00134-023-07033-8. PMID: 37012484.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Martin-Loeches I., Torres A., Nagavci B., Aliberti S., Antonelli M., Bassetti M., Bos L. D., et al. ERS/ESICM/ESCMID/ALAT guidelines for the management of severe community-acquired pneumonia. Intensive Care Med. 2023; 49 (6): 615– 632. DOI: 10.1007/s00134-023-07033-8. PMID: 37012484.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit5"><label>5</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Wiersinga W. J., van der Poll T. Immunopathophysiology of human sepsis. EBioMedicine. 2022; 86: 104363. DOI: 10.1016/j.ebiom.2022.104363. PMID: 36470832.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Wiersinga W. J., van der Poll T. Immunopathophysiology of human sepsis. EBioMedicine. 2022; 86: 104363. DOI: 10.1016/j.ebiom.2022.104363. PMID: 36470832.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit6"><label>6</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Vincent J. L., van der Poll T., Marshall J. C. The end of «One Size Fits All» sepsis therapies: toward an individualized approach. Biomedicines. 2022; 10 (9): 2260. DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines10092260. PMID: 36140361.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Vincent J. L., van der Poll T., Marshall J. C. The end of «One Size Fits All» sepsis therapies: toward an individualized approach. Biomedicines. 2022; 10 (9): 2260. DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines10092260. PMID: 36140361.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit7"><label>7</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Knox D. B., Lanspa M. J., Kuttler K. G., Brewer S. C., Brown S. M. Phenotypic clusters within sepsis-associated multiple organ dysfunction syndrome. Intensive Care Med. 2015; 41 (5): 814–822. DOI: 10.1007/s00134-015-3764-7. PMID: 25851384.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Knox D. B., Lanspa M. J., Kuttler K. G., Brewer S. C., Brown S. M. Phenotypic clusters within sepsis-associated multiple organ dysfunction syndrome. Intensive Care Med. 2015; 41 (5): 814–822. DOI: 10.1007/s00134-015-3764-7. PMID: 25851384.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit8"><label>8</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Bhavani S. V., Semler M., Qian E. T., Verhoef P. A., Robichaux C., Churpek M. M., Coopersmith C. M. Development and validation of novel sepsis subphenotypes using trajectories of vital signs. Intensive Care Med. 2022; 48 (11): 1582–1592. DOI: 10.1007/s00134-022-06890-z. PMID: 36152041.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Bhavani S. V., Semler M., Qian E. T., Verhoef P. A., Robichaux C., Churpek M. M., Coopersmith C. M. Development and validation of novel sepsis subphenotypes using trajectories of vital signs. Intensive Care Med. 2022; 48 (11): 1582–1592. DOI: 10.1007/s00134-022-06890-z. PMID: 36152041.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit9"><label>9</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Zhang Z., Zhang G., Goyal H., Mo L., Hong Y. Identiﬁcation of subclasses of sepsis that showed diﬀerent clinical outcomes and responses to amount of ﬂuid resuscitation: a latent proﬁle analysis. Crit Care. 2018; 22 (1): 347. DOI: 10.1186/s13054-018-2279-3. PMID: 30563548.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Zhang Z., Zhang G., Goyal H., Mo L., Hong Y. Identiﬁcation of subclasses of sepsis that showed diﬀerent clinical outcomes and responses to amount of ﬂuid resuscitation: a latent proﬁle analysis. Crit Care. 2018; 22 (1): 347. DOI: 10.1186/s13054-018-2279-3. PMID: 30563548.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit10"><label>10</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Kudo D., Goto T., Uchimido R., Hayakawa M., Yamakawa K., Abe T., Shiraishi A., et al. Coagulation phenotypes in sepsis and eﬀects of recombinant human thrombomodulin: an analysis of three multicentre observational studies. Crit Care. 2021; 25 (1): 114. DOI: 10.1186/s13054-021-03541-5. PMID: 33741010.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Kudo D., Goto T., Uchimido R., Hayakawa M., Yamakawa K., Abe T., Shiraishi A., et al. Coagulation phenotypes in sepsis and eﬀects of recombinant human thrombomodulin: an analysis of three multicentre observational studies. Crit Care. 2021; 25 (1): 114. DOI: 10.1186/s13054-021-03541-5. PMID: 33741010.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit11"><label>11</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Scicluna B. P., van Vught L. A., Zwinderman A. H., Wiewel M. A., Davenport E. E., Burnham K. L., Nürnberg P., et al.; MARS consortium. Classiﬁcation of patients with sepsis according to blood genomic endotype: a prospective cohort study. Lancet Respir Med. 2017; 5 (10): 816–826. DOI: 10.1016/S2213-2600 (17)30294-1. PMID: 28864056.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Scicluna B. P., van Vught L. A., Zwinderman A. H., Wiewel M. A., Davenport E. E., Burnham K. L., Nürnberg P., et al.; MARS consortium. Classiﬁcation of patients with sepsis according to blood genomic endotype: a prospective cohort study. Lancet Respir Med. 2017; 5 (10): 816–826. DOI: 10.1016/S2213-2600 (17)30294-1. PMID: 28864056.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit12"><label>12</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Komorowski M., Green A., Tatham K. C., Seymour C., Antcliﬀe D. Sepsis biomarkers and diagnostic tools with a focus on machine learning. EBioMedicine. 2022; 86: 104394. DOI: 10.1016/j.ebiom.2022.104394. PMID: 36470834.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Komorowski M., Green A., Tatham K. C., Seymour C., Antcliﬀe D. Sepsis biomarkers and diagnostic tools with a focus on machine learning. EBioMedicine. 2022; 86: 104394. DOI: 10.1016/j.ebiom.2022.104394. PMID: 36470834.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit13"><label>13</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Barichello T., Generoso J. S., Singer M., Dal-Pizzol F. Biomarkers for sepsis: more than just fever and leukocytosis-a narrative review. Crit Care. 2022; 26 (1): 14. DOI: 10.1186/s13054021-03862-5. PMID: 34991675.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Barichello T., Generoso J. S., Singer M., Dal-Pizzol F. Biomarkers for sepsis: more than just fever and leukocytosis-a narrative review. Crit Care. 2022; 26 (1): 14. DOI: 10.1186/s13054021-03862-5. PMID: 34991675.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit14"><label>14</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">da Silva J. F., Hernandez-Romieu A. C., Browning S. D., Bruce B. B., Natarajan P., Morris S. B., Gold J. A.W., et al. COVID-19 clinical phenotypes: presentation and temporal progression of disease in a cohort of hospitalized adults in Georgia, United States. Open Forum Infect Dis. 2020; 8 (1): ofaa596. DOI: 10.1093/oﬁd/ofaa596. PMID: 33537363.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">da Silva J. F., Hernandez-Romieu A. C., Browning S. D., Bruce B. B., Natarajan P., Morris S. B., Gold J. A.W., et al. COVID-19 clinical phenotypes: presentation and temporal progression of disease in a cohort of hospitalized adults in Georgia, United States. Open Forum Infect Dis. 2020; 8 (1): ofaa596. DOI: 10.1093/oﬁd/ofaa596. PMID: 33537363.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit15"><label>15</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Cidade J. P., de Souza Dantas V. C., de Figueiredo Thompson A., de Miranda R. C.C.C., Mamfrim R., Caroli H., et al. Identiﬁcation of distinct clinical phenotypes of critically ill COVID19 patients: results from a cohort observational study. J Clin Med. 2023; 12 (8): 3035. DOI: 10.3390/jcm12083035. PMID: 37109370.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Cidade J. P., de Souza Dantas V. C., de Figueiredo Thompson A., de Miranda R. C.C.C., Mamfrim R., Caroli H., et al. Identiﬁcation of distinct clinical phenotypes of critically ill COVID19 patients: results from a cohort observational study. J Clin Med. 2023; 12 (8): 3035. DOI: 10.3390/jcm12083035. PMID: 37109370.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit16"><label>16</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Ranard B. L., Megjhani M., Terilli K., Doyle K., Claassen J., Pinsky M. R., Clermont G., et al. Identiﬁcation of endotypes of hospitalized COVID-19 patients. Front Med (Lausanne). 2021; 8: 770343. DOI: 10.3389/fmed.2021.770343. PMID: 34859018.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Ranard B. L., Megjhani M., Terilli K., Doyle K., Claassen J., Pinsky M. R., Clermont G., et al. Identiﬁcation of endotypes of hospitalized COVID-19 patients. Front Med (Lausanne). 2021; 8: 770343. DOI: 10.3389/fmed.2021.770343. PMID: 34859018.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit17"><label>17</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Komorowski M. Clinical management of sepsis can be improved by artiﬁcial intelligence: yes. Intensive Care Med. 2020; 46 (2): 375–377. DOI: 10.1007/s00134-019-05898-2. PMID: 31834423.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Komorowski M. Clinical management of sepsis can be improved by artiﬁcial intelligence: yes. Intensive Care Med. 2020; 46 (2): 375–377. DOI: 10.1007/s00134-019-05898-2. PMID: 31834423.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit18"><label>18</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Davenport E. E., Burnham K. L., Radhakrishnan J., Humburg P., Hutton P., Mills T. C., Rautanen A., et al. Genomic landscape of the individual host response and outcomes in sepsis: a prospective cohort study. Lancet Respir Med. 2016; 4 (4): 259–271. DOI: 10.1016/S2213-2600(16)00046-1. PMID: 26917434.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Davenport E. E., Burnham K. L., Radhakrishnan J., Humburg P., Hutton P., Mills T. C., Rautanen A., et al. Genomic landscape of the individual host response and outcomes in sepsis: a prospective cohort study. Lancet Respir Med. 2016; 4 (4): 259–271. DOI: 10.1016/S2213-2600(16)00046-1. PMID: 26917434.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit19"><label>19</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Sweeney T. E., Azad T. D., Donato M., Haynes W. A., Perumal T. M., Henao R., Bermejo-Martin J. F., et al. Unsupervised analysis of transcriptomics in bacterial sepsis across multiple datasets reveals three robust clusters. Crit Care Med. 2018; 46 (6): 915–925. DOI: 10.1097/CCM.0000000000003084. PMID: 29537985.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Sweeney T. E., Azad T. D., Donato M., Haynes W. A., Perumal T. M., Henao R., Bermejo-Martin J. F., et al. Unsupervised analysis of transcriptomics in bacterial sepsis across multiple datasets reveals three robust clusters. Crit Care Med. 2018; 46 (6): 915–925. DOI: 10.1097/CCM.0000000000003084. PMID: 29537985.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit20"><label>20</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Burnham K. L., Davenport E. E., Radhakrishnan J., Humburg P., Gordon A. C., Hutton P., Svoren-Jabalera E., et al. Shared and distinct aspects of the sepsis transcriptomic response to fecal peritonitis and pneumonia. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2017; 196 (3): 328–339. DOI: 10.1164/rccm.201608-1685OC. PMID: 28036233.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Burnham K. L., Davenport E. E., Radhakrishnan J., Humburg P., Gordon A. C., Hutton P., Svoren-Jabalera E., et al. Shared and distinct aspects of the sepsis transcriptomic response to fecal peritonitis and pneumonia. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2017; 196 (3): 328–339. DOI: 10.1164/rccm.201608-1685OC. PMID: 28036233.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit21"><label>21</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Antcliﬀe D. B., Burnham K. L., Al-Beidh F., Santhakumaran S., Brett S. J., Hinds C. J., Ashby D., et al. Transcriptomic signatures in sepsis and a diﬀerential response to steroids. From the VANISH randomized trial. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2019; 199 (8): 980–986. DOI: 10.1164/rccm.201807-1419OC. PMID: 30365341.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Antcliﬀe D. B., Burnham K. L., Al-Beidh F., Santhakumaran S., Brett S. J., Hinds C. J., Ashby D., et al. Transcriptomic signatures in sepsis and a diﬀerential response to steroids. From the VANISH randomized trial. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2019; 199 (8): 980–986. DOI: 10.1164/rccm.201807-1419OC. PMID: 30365341.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit22"><label>22</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Wu X., Li R., He Z., Yu T., Cheng C. A value-based deep reinforcement learning model with human expertise in optimal treatment of sepsis. NPJ Digit Med. 2023; 6 (1): 15. DOI: 10.1038/s41746-023-00755-5. PMID: 36732666.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Wu X., Li R., He Z., Yu T., Cheng C. A value-based deep reinforcement learning model with human expertise in optimal treatment of sepsis. NPJ Digit Med. 2023; 6 (1): 15. DOI: 10.1038/s41746-023-00755-5. PMID: 36732666.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit23"><label>23</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">DeMerle K.M., Angus D. C., Baillie J. K., Brant E., Calfee C. S., Carcillo J., Chang C. H., et al. Sepsis subclasses: a framework for development and interpretation. Crit Care Med. 2021; 49 (5): 748–759. DOI: 10.1097/CCM.0000000000004842. PMID: 33591001.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">DeMerle K.M., Angus D. C., Baillie J. K., Brant E., Calfee C. S., Carcillo J., Chang C. H., et al. Sepsis subclasses: a framework for development and interpretation. Crit Care Med. 2021; 49 (5): 748–759. DOI: 10.1097/CCM.0000000000004842. PMID: 33591001.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit24"><label>24</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Seymour C. W., Kennedy J. N., Wang S., Chang C. H., Elliott C. F., Xu Z., Berry S., et al. Derivation, validation, and potential treatment implications of novel clinical phenotypes for sepsis. JAMA. 2019; 321 (20): 2003–2017. DOI: 10.1001/jama.2019.5791. PMID: 31104070.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Seymour C. W., Kennedy J. N., Wang S., Chang C. H., Elliott C. F., Xu Z., Berry S., et al. Derivation, validation, and potential treatment implications of novel clinical phenotypes for sepsis. JAMA. 2019; 321 (20): 2003–2017. DOI: 10.1001/jama.2019.5791. PMID: 31104070.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit25"><label>25</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Kalimouttou A., Lerner I., Cheurfa C., Jannot A. S., Pirracchio R. Machine-learning-derived sepsis bundle of care. Intensive Care Med. 2023; 49 (1): 26–36. DOI: 10.1007/s00134-022-06928-2. PMID: 36446854.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Kalimouttou A., Lerner I., Cheurfa C., Jannot A. S., Pirracchio R. Machine-learning-derived sepsis bundle of care. Intensive Care Med. 2023; 49 (1): 26–36. DOI: 10.1007/s00134-022-06928-2. PMID: 36446854.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit26"><label>26</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Bruse N., Kooistra E. J., Jansen A., van Amstel R. B.E., de Keizer N. F., Kennedy J. N., Seymour C., et al. Clinical sepsis phenotypes in critically ill COVID-19 patients. Crit Care. 2022; 26 (1): 244. DOI: 10.1186/s13054-022-04118-6. PMID: 35945618.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Bruse N., Kooistra E. J., Jansen A., van Amstel R. B.E., de Keizer N. F., Kennedy J. N., Seymour C., et al. Clinical sepsis phenotypes in critically ill COVID-19 patients. Crit Care. 2022; 26 (1): 244. DOI: 10.1186/s13054-022-04118-6. PMID: 35945618.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit27"><label>27</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Reddy K., Sinha P., O’Kane C.M., Gordon A. C., Calfee C. S., McAuley D.F. Subphenotypes in critical care: translation into clinical practice. Lancet Respir Med. 2020; 8 (6): 631– 643. DOI: 10.1016/S2213-2600(20)30124-7. PMID: 32526190.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Reddy K., Sinha P., O’Kane C.M., Gordon A. C., Calfee C. S., McAuley D.F. Subphenotypes in critical care: translation into clinical practice. Lancet Respir Med. 2020; 8 (6): 631– 643. DOI: 10.1016/S2213-2600(20)30124-7. PMID: 32526190.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit28"><label>28</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Grasselli G., Calfee C. S., Camporota L., Poole D., Amato M. B.P., Antonelli M., Arabi Y. M., et al; European Society of Intensive Care Medicine Taskforce on ARDS. ESICM guidelines on acute respiratory distress syndrome: deﬁnition, phenotyping and respiratory support strategies. Intensive Care Med. 2023; 49 (7): 727–759. DOI: 10.1007/s00134-023-07050-7. PMID: 37326646.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Grasselli G., Calfee C. S., Camporota L., Poole D., Amato M. B.P., Antonelli M., Arabi Y. M., et al; European Society of Intensive Care Medicine Taskforce on ARDS. ESICM guidelines on acute respiratory distress syndrome: deﬁnition, phenotyping and respiratory support strategies. Intensive Care Med. 2023; 49 (7): 727–759. DOI: 10.1007/s00134-023-07050-7. PMID: 37326646.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit29"><label>29</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Профилактика, диагностика и лечение новой коронавирусной 2. инфекции (COVID-19). Временные методические рекомендации МЗ РФ. Версия 17 от 14.12.2022. Дата доступа: 05.09.2023. https: //static-0.minzdrav.gov.ru/system/attachments/attaches/000/061/252/original/%D0%92%D0%9C%D0%A0_COVID-19_V17.pdf</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Prevention, diagnosis and treatment of new coronavirus 2. infection (COVID-19). Temporary instructional guidelines of the Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation. Version 17 from 12/14/2022. Accessed: 09/05/2023. (in Russ.). https: //static-0.minzdrav.gov.ru/system/attachments/attaches/000/061/252/original/%D0%92%D0%9C%D0%A0_COVID-19_V17.pdf</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit30"><label>30</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Заболотских И. Б., Киров М. Ю., Лебединский К. М., Проценко Д. Н., Авдеев С. Н., Андреенко А. А., Арсентьев Л. В., с соавт. Анестезиолого-реанимационное обеспечение пациентов с новой коронавирусной инфекцией COVID-19. Методические рекомендации Общероссийской общественной организации «Федерация анестезиологов и реаниматологов». Вестник интенсивной терапии имени А.И. Салтанова. 2022; (1): 5–140. DOI: 10.21320/1818-474X-2022-1-5-140</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Zabolotskikh I. B., Kirov M. Y., Lebedinskii K. M., Protsenko D. N., Avdeev S. N., Andreenko A. A., Arsentyev L. V., et al. Anesthesia and intensive care for patients with COVID19. Russian Federation of anesthesiologists and reanimatologists guidelines. Annals of Critical Care=Vestnik Intensivnoy Terapii im AI Saltanova. 2022; (1): 5–140. (In Russ.). DOI: 10.21320/1818-474X-2022-1-5-140</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit31"><label>31</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Mandell L. A., Wunderink R. G., Anzueto A., Bartlett J. G., Campbell G. D., Dean N. C., Dowell S. F., et al. Infectious diseases society of America/American Thoracic Society consensus guidelines on the management of communityacquired pneumonia in adults. Clin Infect Dis. 2007; 44 Suppl 2 (Suppl 2): S27–72. DOI: 10.1086/511159. PMID: 17278083.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Mandell L. A., Wunderink R. G., Anzueto A., Bartlett J. G., Campbell G. D., Dean N. C., Dowell S. F., et al. Infectious diseases society of America/American Thoracic Society consensus guidelines on the management of communityacquired pneumonia in adults. Clin Infect Dis. 2007; 44 Suppl 2 (Suppl 2): S27–72. DOI: 10.1086/511159. PMID: 17278083.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit32"><label>32</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Zimmerman J. E., Kramer A. A., McNair D.S., Malila F. M. Acute Physiology and Chronic Health Evaluation (APACHE) IV: hospital mortality assessment for today’s critically ill patients. Crit Care Med. 2006; 34 (5): 1297–310. DOI: 10.1097/01.CCM.0000215112.84523.F0. PMID: 16540951.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Zimmerman J. E., Kramer A. A., McNair D.S., Malila F. M. Acute Physiology and Chronic Health Evaluation (APACHE) IV: hospital mortality assessment for today’s critically ill patients. Crit Care Med. 2006; 34 (5): 1297–310. DOI: 10.1097/01.CCM.0000215112.84523.F0. PMID: 16540951.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit33"><label>33</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Ata Ur-Rehman H. M., Ishtiaq W., Yousaf M., Bano S., Mujahid A. M., Akhtar A. Modiﬁed Nutrition Risk in Critically Ill (mNUTRIC) score to assess nutritional risk in mechanically ventilated patients: a prospective observational study from the Pakistani population. Cureus. 2018; 10 (12): e3786. DOI: 10.7759/cureus.3786. PMID: 30854273.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Ata Ur-Rehman H. M., Ishtiaq W., Yousaf M., Bano S., Mujahid A. M., Akhtar A. Modiﬁed Nutrition Risk in Critically Ill (mNUTRIC) score to assess nutritional risk in mechanically ventilated patients: a prospective observational study from the Pakistani population. Cureus. 2018; 10 (12): e3786. DOI: 10.7759/cureus.3786. PMID: 30854273.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit34"><label>34</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">«National Early Warning Score (NEWS) 2» https: //www.rcplondon.ac.uk/projects/outputs/national-early-warningscore-news-2.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">«National Early Warning Score (NEWS) 2» https: //www.rcplondon.ac.uk/projects/outputs/national-early-warningscore-news-2.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit35"><label>35</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Miyashita N., Matsushima T., Oka M., Japanese Respiratory Society. The JRS guidelines for the management of community-acquired pneumonia in adults: an update and new recommendations. Intern Med. 2006; 45 (7): 419–428. DOI: 10.2169/internalmedicine.45.1691. PMID: 16679695.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Miyashita N., Matsushima T., Oka M., Japanese Respiratory Society. The JRS guidelines for the management of community-acquired pneumonia in adults: an update and new recommendations. Intern Med. 2006; 45 (7): 419–428. DOI: 10.2169/internalmedicine.45.1691. PMID: 16679695.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit36"><label>36</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Charles P. G., Wolfe R., Whitby M., Fine M. J., Fuller A. J., Stirling R., Wright A. A., et al.; Australian CommunityAcquired Pneumonia Study Collaboration; Grayson M. L. SMART-COP: a tool for predicting the need for intensive respiratory or vasopressor support in community-acquired pneumonia. Clin Infect Dis. 2008; 47 (3): 375–384. DOI: 10.1086/589754. PMID: 18558884.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Charles P. G., Wolfe R., Whitby M., Fine M. J., Fuller A. J., Stirling R., Wright A. A., et al.; Australian CommunityAcquired Pneumonia Study Collaboration; Grayson M. L. SMART-COP: a tool for predicting the need for intensive respiratory or vasopressor support in community-acquired pneumonia. Clin Infect Dis. 2008; 47 (3): 375–384. DOI: 10.1086/589754. PMID: 18558884.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit37"><label>37</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Le Gall J., Lemeshow S., Saulnier F. A New Simpliﬁed Acute Physiology Score (SAPS II) based on a European/North American multicenter study. JAMA. 1993; 270 (24): 2957–2963. DOI: 10.1001/jama.1993.03510240069035. PMID: 8254858.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Le Gall J., Lemeshow S., Saulnier F. A New Simpliﬁed Acute Physiology Score (SAPS II) based on a European/North American multicenter study. JAMA. 1993; 270 (24): 2957–2963. DOI: 10.1001/jama.1993.03510240069035. PMID: 8254858.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref></ref-list><fn-group><fn fn-type="conflict"><p>The authors declare that there are no conflicts of interest present.</p></fn></fn-group></back></article>
