<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<!DOCTYPE article PUBLIC "-//NLM//DTD JATS (Z39.96) Journal Publishing DTD v1.3 20210610//EN" "JATS-journalpublishing1-3.dtd">
<article article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.3" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xml:lang="ru"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">rmt</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="ru">Общая реаниматология</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>General Reanimatology</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn pub-type="ppub">1813-9779</issn><issn pub-type="epub">2411-7110</issn><publisher><publisher-name>FSBI "SRIGR" RAMS</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.15360/1813-9779-2025-2-2546</article-id><article-id custom-type="elpub" pub-id-type="custom">rmt-2546</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>КЛИНИЧЕСКИЕ ИССЛЕДОВАНИЯ</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>CLINICAL STUDIES</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title>Предикторы неблагоприятного течения острых отравлений у детей</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Predictors of Adverse Outcomes in Acute Poisoning in Children</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1054-9702</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Удальцов</surname><given-names>М. А.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Udaltsov</surname><given-names>M. A.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Удальцов Максим Андреевич.</p><p>196603, СПб, Пушкин, ул. Парковая, д. 64–68; 194100, Санкт-Петербург, ул. Литовская, д. 2</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Maxim A. Udaltsov.</p><p>64–68 Parkovaya Str., Pushkin, 196603 St. Petersburg; 2 Litovskaya Str, 194100 Saint-Petersburg</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">udalmax@yandex.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1113-5296</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Пшениснов</surname><given-names>К. В.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Pshenisnov</surname><given-names>K. V.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Пшениснов Константин Викторович.</p><p>194100, Санкт-Петербург, ул. Литовская, д. 2</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Konstantin V. Pshenisnov.</p><p>2 Litovskaya Str, 194100 Saint-Petersburg</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">Psh_K@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-2"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2131-4813</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Александрович</surname><given-names>Ю. С.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Alexandrovich</surname><given-names>Yu. S.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Александрович Юрий Станиславович.</p><p>194100, Санкт-Петербург, ул. Литовская, д. 2</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Yuri S. Alexandrovich.</p><p>2 Litovskaya Str, 194100 Saint-Petersburg</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">Jalex1963@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-2"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7243-2852</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Казиахмедов</surname><given-names>В. А.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Kaziakhmedov</surname><given-names>V. A.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Казиахмедов Виталий Анварович.</p><p>194100, Санкт-Петербург, ул. Литовская, д. 2</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Vitaly A. Kaziakhmedov.</p><p>2 Litovskaya Str, 194100 Saint-Petersburg</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">vac-spb@yandex.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-2"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2723-067X</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Ироносов</surname><given-names>В. Е.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Ironosov</surname><given-names>V. E.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Ироносов Вячеслав Евгеньевич.</p><p>194100, Санкт-Петербург, ул. Литовская, д. 2; 198099, Санкт-Петербург, ул. Косинова, д. 19/9</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Vyacheslav E. Ironosov.</p><p>2 Litovskaya Str, 194100 Saint-Petersburg; 19/9 Kosinova Str.,198099 St. Petersburg</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">ironosov@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-3"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1128-9666</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Тихова</surname><given-names>Г. П.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Tikhova</surname><given-names>G. P.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Тихова Галина Петровна.</p><p>Республика Карелия, 185910, Петрозаводск, пр. Ленина, д. 33</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Galina P. Tikhova.</p><p>33 Lenina pr., 185910 Petrozavodsk, Karelia Republic</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">tikhovag@gmail.com</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-4"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff-1"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>Национальный медицинский исследовательский центр детской травматологии и ортопедии им. Г.И. Турнера Минздрава России; Санкт-Петербургский государственный педиатрический медицинский университет Минздрава России</institution><country>Россия</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>Turner G.I. National Medical Research Center for Children's Traumatology and Orthopedics, Ministry of Health of the Russia; St. Petersburg State Pediatric Medical University, Ministry of Health of Russia</institution><country>Russian Federation</country></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff-2"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>Санкт-Петербургский государственный педиатрический медицинский университет Минздрава России</institution><country>Россия</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>St. Petersburg State Pediatric Medical University, Ministry of Health of Russia</institution><country>Russian Federation</country></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff-3"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>Санкт-Петербургский государственный педиатрический медицинский университет Минздрава России; Городская больница №14</institution><country>Россия</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>St. Petersburg State Pediatric Medical University, Ministry of Health of Russia; City Hospital № 14</institution><country>Russian Federation</country></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff-4"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>Петрозаводский государственный университет</institution><country>Россия</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>Petrozavodsk State University</institution><country>Russian Federation</country></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date pub-type="collection"><year>2025</year></pub-date><pub-date pub-type="epub"><day>23</day><month>04</month><year>2025</year></pub-date><volume>21</volume><issue>2</issue><fpage>25</fpage><lpage>33</lpage><permissions><copyright-statement>Copyright &amp;#x00A9; Удальцов М.А., Пшениснов К.В., Александрович Ю.С., Казиахмедов В.А., Ироносов В.Е., Тихова Г.П., 2025</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2025</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Удальцов М.А., Пшениснов К.В., Александрович Ю.С., Казиахмедов В.А., Ироносов В.Е., Тихова Г.П.</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Udaltsov M.A., Pshenisnov K.V., Alexandrovich Y.S., Kaziakhmedov V.A., Ironosov V.E., Tikhova G.P.</copyright-holder><license xml:lang="ru" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>Данная работа распространяется под лицензией Creative Commons Attribution 4.0.</license-p></license><license xml:lang="en" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.</license-p></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://www.reanimatology.com/rmt/article/view/2546">https://www.reanimatology.com/rmt/article/view/2546</self-uri><abstract><p>Отравления у детей являются одной из наиболее частых причин госпитализации в стационар и отделения интенсивной терапии (ОРИТ).</p><p>Цель исследования — выявить предикторы неблагоприятного течения острых отравлений у детей, нуждающихся в лечении в ОРИТ.</p><sec><title>Материалы и методы</title><p>Материалы и методы. Одноцентровое, обсервационное, ретроспективное исследование. Обследовали 262 ребенка с отравлениями тяжелой степени. Медиана возраста составила 15 [13–16] лет. Всех пациентов распределили на 2 группы: c благоприятным и неблагоприятным течением отравления. В качестве исходов госпитализации изучали длительность ИВЛ, длительность лечения в ОРИТ, наличие осложнений (аспирационный синдром, судороги и др.) и госпитальную летальность.</p></sec><sec><title>Результаты</title><p>Результаты. Наличие признаков токсического гепатита/панкреатита при поступлении увеличивает вероятность неблагоприятного течения в 4,63 раза, острого почечного повреждения — в 5,32 раза, необходимость проведения ИВЛ — в 14,34 раза, а наличие аспирационной пневмонии — в 19,23 раза. Шок (ОШ=4,35), коагулопатия (ОШ=9,94) и гипокоагуляция (ОШ=29,4), регистрируемые во время лечения в ОРИТ являются наиболее значимыми маркерами, увеличивающими вероятность неблагоприятного течения патологического процесса. Максимальная прогностическая значимость для оценки степени выраженности полиорганной дисфункции у детей с острыми отравлениями характерна для критериев J.C. Marshall (AUROC=0,894; чувствительность = 87,0%; специфичность = 81,9%). Разработали математическую модель для оценки вероятности неблагоприятного течения острых отравлений у детей, включающую 13 признаков: наличие пневмонии и судорог, потребность в ИВЛ, систолическое и среднее артериальное давление, катехоламиновый индекс, концентрацию гемоглобина, количество эритроцитов и лейкоцитов, значение рН и глюкозы в крови, величину SpO₂/FiO₂ и международное нормализованное отношение (точность прогноза = 0,938; чувствительность = 94,2%; специфичность = 92,5%; AUROC=0,981).</p></sec><sec><title>Заключение</title><p>Заключение. Угнетение сознания, выраженная гипоксемия, коагулопатия и наличие острой печеночной недостаточности являются основными маркерами тяжести острых отравлений у детей.</p></sec></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="en"><p>Poisoning is one of the most common causes for hospitalization of pediatric patients, often requiring admission to an intensive care unit (ICU).</p><sec><title>Aim</title><p>Aim. To identify predictors of adverse outcomes in children with acute poisoning requiring ICU care.</p></sec><sec><title>Materials and Methods</title><p>Materials and Methods. A single-center, observational, retrospective study was conducted involving 262 children with severe poisoning. The median age was 15 [13-16] years. Patients were divided into two groups based on the clinical course of the poisoning: favorable and unfavorable. Hospitalization outcomes included duration of mechanical ventilation (MV), length of ICU stay, presence of complications (aspiration syndrome, seizures, etc.), and in-hospital mortality.</p></sec><sec><title>Results</title><p>Results. The presence of toxic hepatitis/pancreatitis on admission increased the odds of adverse outcome by 4.63-fold, acute kidney injury by 5.32-fold, the need for MV by 14.34-fold, and aspiration pneumonia by 19.23-fold. The most significant markers of adverse outcomes during ICU care included shock (odds ratio OR=4.35), coagulopathy (OR=9.94), and hypocoagulation (OR=29.4). For assessing the severity of multiple organ dysfunction syndrome (MODS) in children with acute intoxication, the Marshall J. C. criteria showed the highest prognostic value (AUROC=0.894; sensitivity = 87.0%; specificity = 81.9%). A mathematical model was developed to predict the likelihood of adverse outcome in acute poisoning in children. The model includes 13 parameters: presence of pneumonia and seizures, need for MV, systolic and mean arterial pressure, catecholamine index, hemoglobin concentration, red and white blood cell counts, blood pH and glucose levels, SpO₂/FiO₂ ratio, and international normalized ratio (INR). The model demonstrated high predictive accuracy (accuracy=0.938; sensitivity=94.2%; specificity=92.5%; AUROC=0.981).</p></sec><sec><title>Conclusion</title><p>Conclusion. Impaired consciousness, severe hypoxemia, coagulopathy and acute liver failure are the main markers of severe acute poisoning in children.</p></sec></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>отравления</kwd><kwd>дети</kwd><kwd>отделение интенсивной терапии</kwd><kwd>прогнозирование</kwd><kwd>исход</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>poisoning</kwd><kwd>children</kwd><kwd>intensive care unit</kwd><kwd>prognosis</kwd><kwd>outcome</kwd></kwd-group><funding-group><funding-statement xml:lang="ru">Исследование провели в рамках научно-исследовательской работы Санкт-Петербургского государственного педиатрического медицинского университета Минздрава России без спонсорской поддержки.</funding-statement><funding-statement xml:lang="en">The study was conducted as part of a research project at St. Petersburg State Pediatric Medical University, Ministry of Health of Russia, without sponsorship.</funding-statement></funding-group></article-meta></front><back><ref-list><title>References</title><ref id="cit1"><label>1</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Александрович Ю. С., Пшениснов К. В., Гордеев В. И. Интенсивная терапия критических состояний у детей. СПб.: Н-Л; 2014: 976. ISBN 978-5-94864-164-0.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Alexandrovich Yu. S., Pshenisnov K. V., Gordeev V. I. Intensive care of critical conditions in children. SPb.: N-L; 2014: 976. (in Russ.). ISBN 978-5-94864-164-0.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit2"><label>2</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Пшениснов К. В., Александрович Ю. С. Эпидемиология критических состояний у детей мегаполиса. Анестезиология и реаниматология. 2017; 62 (6): 463–467. DOI: 10.18821/0201-7563-2017-62-6-463-467.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Pshenisnov K. V., Alexandrovich Yu. S. Megapolis epidemiology of critical conditions in children. Russ J Anesthesiol Reanimatol = Anesteziologiya i Reanimatologiya. 2017; 62 (6): 463–467. (in Russ.). DOI: 10.18821/0201-7563-2017-62-6-463-467.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit3"><label>3</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Land M. E., Wetzel M., Geller R. J., Kamat P. P., Grunwell J. R. Analysis of 207,543 children with acute opioid poisonings from the United States National Poison Data System. Clin Toxicol (Phila). 2020; 58 (8): 829–836. DOI: 10.1080/15563650.2019.1691731. PMID: 31856616.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Land M. E., Wetzel M., Geller R. J., Kamat P. P., Grunwell J. R. Analysis of 207,543 children with acute opioid poisonings from the United States National Poison Data System. Clin Toxicol (Phila). 2020; 58 (8): 829–836. DOI: 10.1080/15563650.2019.1691731. PMID: 31856616.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit4"><label>4</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Torrents R., Picot C., Glaizal M., Courne M.-A., Schmitt C., Richard N., Simon N., et al. Child poisonings with methadone in France: a 6-year prospective national survey since the availability of capsules in 2008. Clin Toxicol (Phila). 2015; 53 (8): 819–22. PMID: 26243461.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Torrents R., Picot C., Glaizal M., Courne M.-A., Schmitt C., Richard N., Simon N., et al. Child poisonings with methadone in France: a 6-year prospective national survey since the availability of capsules in 2008. Clin Toxicol (Phila). 2015; 53 (8): 819–22. PMID: 26243461.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit5"><label>5</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Farah R., Cole R. J., Holstege C. P. Increasing severity of medical outcomes and associated substances in cases reported to United States poison centers. Clin Toxicol (Phila). 2024; 62 (4): 248–255. DOI: 10.1080/15563650.2024.2337897. PMID: 38634480.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Farah R., Cole R. J., Holstege C. P. Increasing severity of medical outcomes and associated substances in cases reported to United States poison centers. Clin Toxicol (Phila). 2024; 62 (4): 248–255. DOI: 10.1080/15563650.2024.2337897. PMID: 38634480.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit6"><label>6</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Gholami N., McDonald R., Farnaghi F., Yazdi M. H., Zamani N., Hassanian-Moghaddam H. Fatal outcome in acutely poisoned children with hospitalization: a 10-year retrospective study from Tehran, Iran. Pediatr Emerg Care. 2022; 38 (2): e659–e663. DOI: 10.1097/PEC.0000000000002429. PMID: 33848098.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Gholami N., McDonald R., Farnaghi F., Yazdi M. H., Zamani N., Hassanian-Moghaddam H. Fatal outcome in acutely poisoned children with hospitalization: a 10-year retrospective study from Tehran, Iran. Pediatr Emerg Care. 2022; 38 (2): e659–e663. DOI: 10.1097/PEC.0000000000002429. PMID: 33848098.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit7"><label>7</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Corlade-Andrei M., Nedelea P. L., Ionescu T. D., Rosu T. S., Hauta A., Grigorasi G. R., Blaga T., et al. Pediatric emergency department management in acute poisoning-a 2-year retrospective study. J Pers Med. 2023; 13 (1): 106. DOI: 10.3390/jpm13010106. PMID: 36675767.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Corlade-Andrei M., Nedelea P. L., Ionescu T. D., Rosu T. S., Hauta A., Grigorasi G. R., Blaga T., et al. Pediatric emergency department management in acute poisoning-a 2-year retrospective study. J Pers Med. 2023; 13 (1): 106. DOI: 10.3390/jpm13010106. PMID: 36675767.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit8"><label>8</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Hemmati M., Tohidi M. R., Mohammadi A., Jahanpour F., Andayeshgar B., Fallah S. Poisoning in children and adolescents in Kermanshah city, Iran. BMC Pediatr. 2024; 24 (1): 135. DOI: 10.1186/s12887-024-04631-3. PMID: 38383350.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Hemmati M., Tohidi M. R., Mohammadi A., Jahanpour F., Andayeshgar B., Fallah S. Poisoning in children and adolescents in Kermanshah city, Iran. BMC Pediatr. 2024; 24 (1): 135. DOI: 10.1186/s12887-024-04631-3. PMID: 38383350.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit9"><label>9</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">World Drug Report 2023. Электронный ресурс. https://www.unodc.org/res/WDR-2023/WDR23_Exsum_fin_DP.pdf. accessed 26 April 2024.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">World Drug Report 2023. Электронный ресурс. https://www.unodc.org/res/WDR-2023/WDR23_Exsum_fin_DP.pdf. accessed 26 April 2024.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit10"><label>10</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Berg S. E., McCann S. D. Pediatric toxicology: an updated review. Pediatr Ann. 2023; 52 (4): e139-e145. DOI: 10.3928/19382359-20230208-05. PMID: 37036778.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Berg S. E., McCann S. D. Pediatric toxicology: an updated review. Pediatr Ann. 2023; 52 (4): e139-e145. DOI: 10.3928/19382359-20230208-05. PMID: 37036778.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit11"><label>11</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Aleksandrovich Yu. S., Pshenisnov K. V., Kaziakhmedov V. A., Lodyagin A. N., Udaltcov M. A., Kozubov M. Y., Storozhuk O. D. Acetaminophen poisoning: a cause of acute liver failure in pediatrics (clinical case). J Emerg Med Trauma Surg Care. 2020; 7: 039. DOI: 10.24966/ETS-8798/100039.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Aleksandrovich Yu. S., Pshenisnov K. V., Kaziakhmedov V. A., Lodyagin A. N., Udaltcov M. A., Kozubov M. Y., Storozhuk O. D. Acetaminophen poisoning: a cause of acute liver failure in pediatrics (clinical case). J Emerg Med Trauma Surg Care. 2020; 7: 039. DOI: 10.24966/ETS-8798/100039.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit12"><label>12</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">American Academy of Pediatrics: 10 ways to prevent poisoning in young children. Электронный ресурс. https://www.aap.org/en/news-room/news-releases/health-safety-tips/american-academy-of-pediatrics-offers-tips-on-poison-prevention-in-your-home/. Accessed 26 April 2024.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">American Academy of Pediatrics: 10 ways to prevent poisoning in young children. Электронный ресурс. https://www.aap.org/en/news-room/news-releases/health-safety-tips/american-academy-of-pediatrics-offers-tips-on-poison-prevention-in-your-home/. Accessed 26 April 2024.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit13"><label>13</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Li H., Dodd-Butera T., Beaman M. L., Pritty M. B., Heitritter T. E., Clark R. F. Trends in childhood poison exposures and fatalities: a retrospective secondary data analysis of the 2009-2019 U.S. national poison data system annual reports. Pediatr Rep. 2021; 13 (4): 613–623. DOI: 10.3390/pediatric13040073. PMID: 34842797.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Li H., Dodd-Butera T., Beaman M. L., Pritty M. B., Heitritter T. E., Clark R. F. Trends in childhood poison exposures and fatalities: a retrospective secondary data analysis of the 2009-2019 U.S. national poison data system annual reports. Pediatr Rep. 2021; 13 (4): 613–623. DOI: 10.3390/pediatric13040073. PMID: 34842797.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit14"><label>14</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Froberg B. A., Morton S. J., Mowry J. B., Rusyniak D. E. Temporal and geospatial trends of adolescent intentional over-doses with suspected suicidal intent reported to a state poison control center. Clin Toxicol (Phila). 2019; 57 (9): 798–805. DOI: 10.1080/15563650.2018.1554186. PMID: 30696297.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Froberg B. A., Morton S. J., Mowry J. B., Rusyniak D. E. Temporal and geospatial trends of adolescent intentional over-doses with suspected suicidal intent reported to a state poison control center. Clin Toxicol (Phila). 2019; 57 (9): 798–805. DOI: 10.1080/15563650.2018.1554186. PMID: 30696297.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit15"><label>15</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Горьковая И. А., Рождественский В. И., Титова В. В. Суицидальный риск у подростков с девиантным поведением с разным уровнем жизнестойкости. Педиатр. 2024; 15 (1): 101–108. DOI: 10.17816/PED151101-108.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Gorkova I. A., Rozhdestvensky V. I., Titova V. V. Suicidal risk in adolescents with deviant behavior with different levels of resilience. Pediatrician = Pediatr. 2024; 15 (1): 101–108. (in Russ.). DOI: 10.17816/PED151101-108.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit16"><label>16</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Junuzovic M., Lind K. M. T., Jakobsson U. Child suicides in Sweden, 2000-2018. Eur J Pediatr. 2022; 181 (2): 599–607. DOI: 10.1007/s00431-021-04240-7. PMID: 34476611.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Junuzovic M., Lind K. M. T., Jakobsson U. Child suicides in Sweden, 2000-2018. Eur J Pediatr. 2022; 181 (2): 599–607. DOI: 10.1007/s00431-021-04240-7. PMID: 34476611.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit17"><label>17</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Lee J., Fan N.-C., Yao T. C., Hsia S.-H., Lee E.-P., Huang J.-L., Wu H.-P. Clinical spectrum of acute poisoning in children admitted to the pediatric emergency department. Pediatr Neonatol. 2019; 60 (1): 59–67. DOI: 10.1016/j.pedneo.2018.04.001. PMID: 29748113.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Lee J., Fan N.-C., Yao T. C., Hsia S.-H., Lee E.-P., Huang J.-L., Wu H.-P. Clinical spectrum of acute poisoning in children admitted to the pediatric emergency department. Pediatr Neonatol. 2019; 60 (1): 59–67. DOI: 10.1016/j.pedneo.2018.04.001. PMID: 29748113.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit18"><label>18</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Park J. M. Clinical features of children with drug poisoning in a single emergency department in Goyang, Korea. Pediatric Emergency Medicine Journal. 2023; 10 (1): 23–30. DOI: 10.22470/pemj.2022.00619.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Park J. M. Clinical features of children with drug poisoning in a single emergency department in Goyang, Korea. Pediatric Emergency Medicine Journal. 2023; 10 (1): 23–30. DOI: 10.22470/pemj.2022.00619.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit19"><label>19</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Khan M., Solomon F., Izu A., Bengura P., Okudo G., Maroane B., Lala N., et al. The burden of poisoning in children hospitalised at a tertiary-level hospital in South Africa. Front Public Health. 2023; 11: 1279036. DOI: 10.3389/fpubh.2023.1279036. PMID: 37927861.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Khan M., Solomon F., Izu A., Bengura P., Okudo G., Maroane B., Lala N., et al. The burden of poisoning in children hospitalised at a tertiary-level hospital in South Africa. Front Public Health. 2023; 11: 1279036. DOI: 10.3389/fpubh.2023.1279036. PMID: 37927861.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit20"><label>20</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Alghadeer S., Alrohaimi M., Althiban A., Kalagi N. A., Balkhi B., Khan A. A. The patterns of children poisoning cases in community teaching hospital in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia. Saudi Pharm J. 2018; 26 (1): 93–97. DOI: 10.1016/j.jsps.2017.10.007. PMID: 29379339.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Alghadeer S., Alrohaimi M., Althiban A., Kalagi N. A., Balkhi B., Khan A. A. The patterns of children poisoning cases in community teaching hospital in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia. Saudi Pharm J. 2018; 26 (1): 93–97. DOI: 10.1016/j.jsps.2017.10.007. PMID: 29379339.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit21"><label>21</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Gaudet L. A., Hogue K., Scott S. D., Hartling L., Elliott S. A. Acute pediatric cannabis intoxication: a scoping review. J Child Health Care. 2024; 28 (1): 196–214. DOI: 10.1177/13674935221099158. PMID: 35532228.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Gaudet L. A., Hogue K., Scott S. D., Hartling L., Elliott S. A. Acute pediatric cannabis intoxication: a scoping review. J Child Health Care. 2024; 28 (1): 196–214. DOI: 10.1177/13674935221099158. PMID: 35532228.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit22"><label>22</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Conerney C., Steinmetz F., Wakefield J., Loveridge S. Cannabis and children: risk mitigation strategies for edibles. Front Psychiatry. 2024; 15: 1285784. DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2024.1285784. PMID: 38380122.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Conerney C., Steinmetz F., Wakefield J., Loveridge S. Cannabis and children: risk mitigation strategies for edibles. Front Psychiatry. 2024; 15: 1285784. DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2024.1285784. PMID: 38380122.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit23"><label>23</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Myran D. T., Tanuseputro P., Auger N., Konikoff L., Talarico R., Finkelstein Y. Pediatric hospitalizations for unintentional cannabis poisonings and all-cause poisonings associated with edible cannabis product legalization and sales in Canada. JAMA Health Forum. 2023; 4 (1): e225041. DOI: 10.1001/jamahealthforum.2022.5041. PMID: 36637814.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Myran D. T., Tanuseputro P., Auger N., Konikoff L., Talarico R., Finkelstein Y. Pediatric hospitalizations for unintentional cannabis poisonings and all-cause poisonings associated with edible cannabis product legalization and sales in Canada. JAMA Health Forum. 2023; 4 (1): e225041. DOI: 10.1001/jamahealthforum.2022.5041. PMID: 36637814.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit24"><label>24</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Лужников Е. А., Суходолова Г. Н., Коваленко Л. А., Чугунова О. Л. Токсикология в педиатрии. Руководство для врачей. М.: «ГЭОТАР-Медиа»; 2023: 336. Luzhnikov E. A., Sukhodolova G. N., Kovalenko L. A., Chugunova O. L. Toxicology in pediatrics. A manual for doctors. Moscow: GEOTAR-Media; 2023: 336. (in Russ.). ISBN 978-5-9704-6576-9, 978-5-9704-7510-2 t.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Luzhnikov E. A., Sukhodolova G. N., Kovalenko L. A., Chugunova O. L. Toxicology in pediatrics. A manual for doctors. Moscow: GEOTAR-Media; 2023: 336. (in Russ.). ISBN 978-5-9704-6576-9, 978-5-9704-7510-2 t.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit25"><label>25</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Chang S.-T., Wang Y.-T., Hou Y.-C., Wang I.-K., Hong H.-H., Weng C.-H., Huang W.-H., et al. Acute kidney injury and the risk of mortality in patients with methanol intoxication. BMC Nephrol. 2019; 20 (1): 205. DOI: 10.1186/s12882-019-1404-0. PMID: 31170938.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Chang S.-T., Wang Y.-T., Hou Y.-C., Wang I.-K., Hong H.-H., Weng C.-H., Huang W.-H., et al. Acute kidney injury and the risk of mortality in patients with methanol intoxication. BMC Nephrol. 2019; 20 (1): 205. DOI: 10.1186/s12882-019-1404-0. PMID: 31170938.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit26"><label>26</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Atighi Y., Eizadi-Mood N., Mansourian M., Zamani A., Saffaei A., Sabzghabaee A. M. Predictive factors of treatment outcomes for hospital care in children with acute methadone poisoning. J Res Pharm Pract. 2018; 7 (4): 200–204. DOI: 10.4103/jrpp.JRPP_16_141. PMID: 30622988.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Atighi Y., Eizadi-Mood N., Mansourian M., Zamani A., Saffaei A., Sabzghabaee A. M. Predictive factors of treatment outcomes for hospital care in children with acute methadone poisoning. J Res Pharm Pract. 2018; 7 (4): 200–204. DOI: 10.4103/jrpp.JRPP_16_141. PMID: 30622988.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit27"><label>27</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Паршина Н. В., Данилова Л. А., Дехтярева Н. С. Гиперлактатемия и лактат-ацидоз в практике педиатра. Педиатр. 2021; 12 (3): 51–61. DOI: 10.17816/PED12351-61.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Parshina N. V., L. Danilova L. A., Dekhtyareva N. S. Hyperlactatemia and lactate acidosis in the practice of pediatricians. Pediatrician = Pediatr. 2021; 12 (3): 51–61. (in Russ.). DOI: 10.17816/PED12351-61.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit28"><label>28</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Маркова И. В., Афанасьев В. В., Цыбулькин Э. К. Клиническая токсикология детей и подростков. в 2 томах. СПб.: Специальная литература; 1999: 400. ISBN 5-89720-006-8.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Markova I. V., Afanasyev V. V., Tsybulkin E. K. Clinical toxicology of children and adolescents. in 2 volumes. St. Petersburg: Special literature; 1999: 400. (in Russ.). ISBN 5-89720-006-8.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit29"><label>29</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Александрович Ю., Пшениснов К. Инфузионные антигипоксанты при критических состояниях у детей. Общая реаниматология. 2014; 10 (3): 59–74. DOI: 10.15360/1813-9779-2014-3-59-74.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Alexandrovich Yu., Pshenisnov K. Infusion antihypoxants in children with critical conditions. General Reanimatology = Obshchaya Reanimatologiya. 2014; 10 (3): 59–74. (in Russ.&amp;Eng.). DOI: 10.15360/1813-9779-2014-3-59-74.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit30"><label>30</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Lavonas E. J., Akpunonu P. D., Arens A. M., Babu K. M., Cao D., Hoffman R. S., Hoyte C. O., et al.; American Heart Association. 2023 American Heart Association focused update on the management of patients with cardiac arrest or life-threatening toxicity due to poisoning: an update to the American heart association guidelines for cardiopulmonary resuscitation and emergency cardiovascular care. Circulation. 2023; 148 (16): e149-e184. DOI: 10.1161/CIR.0000000000001161. PMID: 37721023.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Lavonas E. J., Akpunonu P. D., Arens A. M., Babu K. M., Cao D., Hoffman R. S., Hoyte C. O., et al.; American Heart Association. 2023 American Heart Association focused update on the management of patients with cardiac arrest or life-threatening toxicity due to poisoning: an update to the American heart association guidelines for cardiopulmonary resuscitation and emergency cardiovascular care. Circulation. 2023; 148 (16): e149-e184. DOI: 10.1161/CIR.0000000000001161. PMID: 37721023.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref></ref-list><fn-group><fn fn-type="conflict"><p>The authors declare that there are no conflicts of interest present.</p></fn></fn-group></back></article>
