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<article article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.3" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xml:lang="ru"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">rmt</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="ru">Общая реаниматология</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>General Reanimatology</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn pub-type="ppub">1813-9779</issn><issn pub-type="epub">2411-7110</issn><publisher><publisher-name>FSBI "SRIGR" RAMS</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.15360/1813-9779-2025-5-2580</article-id><article-id custom-type="elpub" pub-id-type="custom">rmt-2580</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>КЛИНИЧЕСКИЕ ИССЛЕДОВАНИЯ</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>CLINICAL STUDIES</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title>Морфологическая классификация повреждений нейронов</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Morphological Classification of Neuronal Damage</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3165-0378</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Голубев</surname><given-names>А. М.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Golubev</surname><given-names>A. M.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Аркадий Михайлович Голубев</p><p>10703, г. Москва, ул. Петровка, д. 25, стр. 2</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Arkady M. Golubev</p><p>25 Petrovka Str., Bldg. 2, 107031 Moscow</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">arkadygolubev@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff-1"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>НИИ общей реаниматологии им. В. А. Неговского Федерального научно-клинического центра реаниматологии и реабилитологии</institution><country>Россия</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>V. A. Negovsky Research Institute of General Reanimatology, Federal Research and Clinical Center of Intensive Care Medicine and Rehabilitology</institution><country>Russian Federation</country></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date pub-type="collection"><year>2025</year></pub-date><pub-date pub-type="epub"><day>04</day><month>11</month><year>2025</year></pub-date><volume>21</volume><issue>5</issue><fpage>4</fpage><lpage>14</lpage><permissions><copyright-statement>Copyright &amp;#x00A9; Голубев А.М., 2025</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2025</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Голубев А.М.</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Golubev A.M.</copyright-holder><license xml:lang="ru" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>Данная работа распространяется под лицензией Creative Commons Attribution 4.0.</license-p></license><license xml:lang="en" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.</license-p></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://www.reanimatology.com/rmt/article/view/2580">https://www.reanimatology.com/rmt/article/view/2580</self-uri><abstract><sec><title>Цель исследования</title><p>Цель исследования: разработка морфологической классификации повреждения нейронов для использования в практической деятельности экспериментаторами, патологоанатомами и судебно-медицинскими экспертами.</p></sec><sec><title>Материал и методы</title><p>Материал и методы. Исследовали нейроны коры головного мозга 30-ти экспериментальных животных (крысы линии Вистар). Из них: с остановкой кровообращения n=10, с отравлением клозапином в сочетании с алкоголем (доза клозапина — 150 мг/кг, доза алкоголя — 5 мл/кг), n=20. Кроме этого, исследовали кору головного мозга человека при субарахноидальных кровоизлияниях (САК), n=23, внезапной сердечной смерти n=10, коронавирусной инфекции, n=18. Окрашивание гистологических препаратов проводили гематоксилином и эозином, по Нисслю, по Фельгену (на ДНК), по Браше (на РНК и РНП), иммуногистохимическим методом выявляли каспазу-3.</p></sec><sec><title>Результаты</title><p>Результаты. Предложили морфологическую классификацию повреждения нейронов, включающую децентрализацию ядра в нейроне, морфологические изменения ядрышка, темные нейроны, ремоделирование хроматина, липофусциноз, отек нейронов, лизис вещества Ниссля, кальциноз нейронов, нейронофагию, некроз, апоптоз нейронов. Рассмотрели функциональные нарушения, возникающие при исследованных вариантах альтерации нейронов. В результате развивающихся повреждений нейронов нарушается функция цитоскелета нейронов, синтез субъединиц рибосом, синтез рибонуклеопротеидов, нарушение репарации ДНК, активируется апоптоз, повреждаются лизосомы, активизируется образование активных форм кислорода, регистрируются необратимые формы повреждения нейронов (нейронофагия, некроз, апоптоз).</p></sec><sec><title>Заключение</title><p>Заключение. Предлагаемая морфологическая классификация дополняет существующие классификации, основанные на исследовании молекулярных маркеров повреждения нейронов, и может быть использована при проведении экспериментальных исследований и в практической работе патологоанатомов и судебно-медицинских экспертов.</p></sec></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="en"><sec><title>Objectives</title><p>Objectives. To develop a morphological classification of neuronal damage for use in practical activities by researchers, pathologists, and forensic experts.</p></sec><sec><title>Material and methods</title><p>Material and methods. The neurons of the cerebral cortex of 30 experimental animals (Wistar rats) were studied. Of these: with circulatory arrest N=10, with clozapine poisoning in combination with alcohol N=20 (clozapine dose 150 mg/kg, alcohol dose 5 ml/kg); morphological material of the human cerebral cortex was studied in subarachnoid hemorrhages (SAH) N=23, sudden cardiac death N=10, coronavirus infection N=18. Histological preparations were stained with hematoxylin and eosin, according to Nissl, according to Feulgen (for DNA), according to Brachet (for RNA and RNP), caspase-3 was detected by immunohistochemistry.</p></sec><sec><title>Results</title><p>Results. A morphological classification of neuronal damage was proposed, including: decentralization of the nucleus within a neuron, morphological changes in the nucleolus, dark neurons, chromatin remodeling, lipofuscinosis, neuronal edema, Nissl substance lysis, neuronal calcification, neuronophagia, necrosis, and neuronal apoptosis. Functional disorders that occur in the studied variants of neuronal alteration were considered. As a result of developing neuronal damage, the function of the neuronal cytoskeleton, synthesis of ribosome subunits, synthesis of ribonucleoproteins, and DNA reparation are impaired, apoptosis is activated, lysosomes are damaged, the formation of reactive oxygen species is activated, and irreversible forms of neuronal damage (neuronophagia, necrosis, apoptosis) are recorded.</p></sec><sec><title>Conclusion</title><p>Conclusion. The proposed morphological classification complements existing classifications based on the study of molecular markers of neuronal damage and can be used in experimental studies and in the practical work of pathologists and forensic experts.</p></sec></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>нейроны</kwd><kwd>повреждение нейронов</kwd><kwd>морфологическая классификация</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>neurons</kwd><kwd>neuronal damage</kwd><kwd>morphological classification</kwd></kwd-group><funding-group><funding-statement xml:lang="ru">Работа выполнена в рамках целевого задания Министерства науки и высшего образования (FGWS-2025-0016)</funding-statement><funding-statement xml:lang="en">The work was carried out within the framework of the target assignment of the Ministry of Science and Higher Education (FGWS-2025-0016)</funding-statement></funding-group></article-meta></front><back><ref-list><title>References</title><ref id="cit1"><label>1</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Ермохин П. 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