<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<!DOCTYPE article PUBLIC "-//NLM//DTD JATS (Z39.96) Journal Publishing DTD v1.3 20210610//EN" "JATS-journalpublishing1-3.dtd">
<article article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.3" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xml:lang="ru"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">rmt</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="ru">Общая реаниматология</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>General Reanimatology</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn pub-type="ppub">1813-9779</issn><issn pub-type="epub">2411-7110</issn><publisher><publisher-name>FSBI "SRIGR" RAMS</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.15360/1813-9779-2025-6-2593</article-id><article-id custom-type="elpub" pub-id-type="custom">rmt-2655</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>ЭКСПЕРИМЕНТАЛЬНЫЕ ИССЛЕДОВАНИЯ</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>EXPERIMENTAL STUDIES</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title>Воздействие рапамицина на гибель сердечных миофибробластов, индуцированную стауроспорином</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Effect of Rapamycin on Staurosporine-Induced Cardiac Myofibroblast Death</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2712-4997</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Дергилев</surname><given-names>К. В.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Dergilev</surname><given-names>K. V.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Константин Владимирович Дергилев</p><p>121552, г. Москва, ул. 3-я Черепковская, д. 15а</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Konstantin V. Dergilev</p><p>15a Cherepkovskaya 3rd Str., 121552 Moscow</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">doctorkote@gmail.com</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2441-6062</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Цоколаева</surname><given-names>З. И.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Tsokolaeva</surname><given-names>Z. I.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Зоя Ивановна Цоколаева</p><p>121552, г. Москва, ул. 3-я Черепковская, д. 15а;</p><p>107031, г. Москва, ул. Петровка, д. 25, стр. 2</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Zoya I. Tsokolaeva</p><p>15a Cherepkovskaya 3rd Str., 121552 Moscow;</p><p>25 Petrovka Str., Bldg. 2, 107031 Moscow</p></bio><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-2"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2460-088X</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Долгодворова</surname><given-names>А. А.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Dolgodvorova</surname><given-names>A. A.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Алерия Альбертовна Долгодворова</p><p>121552, г. Москва, ул. 3-я Черепковская, д. 15а</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Aleria A. Dolgodvorova</p><p>15a Cherepkovskaya 3rd Str., 121552 Moscow</p></bio><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0969-5780</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Парфенова</surname><given-names>Е. В.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Parfenova</surname><given-names>E. V.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Елена Викторовна Парфенова</p><p>121552, г. Москва, ул. 3-я Черепковская, д. 15а</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Elena V. Parfenova</p><p>15a Cherepkovskaya 3rd Str., 121552 Moscow</p></bio><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff-1"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>Лаборатория ангиогенеза, Институт экспериментальной кардиологии Национального медицинского исследовательского центра кардиологии им. акад. Е. И. Чазова Минздрава России</institution><country>Россия</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>Laboratory of Angiogenesis, Experimental Cardiology Institute, Acad. Chazov National Medical Research Center for Cardiology, Ministry of Health of Russia</institution><country>Russian Federation</country></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff-2"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>Лаборатория ангиогенеза, Институт экспериментальной кардиологии Национального медицинского исследовательского центра кардиологии им. акад. Е. И. Чазова Минздрава России;&#13;
НИИ общей реаниматологии им. В. А. Неговского Федерального научно-клинического центра реаниматологии и реабилитологии Минобрнауки России</institution><country>Россия</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>Laboratory of Angiogenesis, Experimental Cardiology Institute, Acad. Chazov National Medical Research Center for Cardiology, Ministry of Health of Russia;&#13;
V. A. Negovsky Research Institute of General Reanimatology, Federal Research and Clinical Center of Intensive Care Medicine and Rehabilitology</institution><country>Russian Federation</country></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date pub-type="collection"><year>2025</year></pub-date><pub-date pub-type="epub"><day>26</day><month>12</month><year>2025</year></pub-date><volume>21</volume><issue>6</issue><fpage>45</fpage><lpage>53</lpage><permissions><copyright-statement>Copyright &amp;#x00A9; Дергилев К.В., Цоколаева З.И., Долгодворова А.А., Парфенова Е.В., 2025</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2025</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Дергилев К.В., Цоколаева З.И., Долгодворова А.А., Парфенова Е.В.</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Dergilev K.V., Tsokolaeva Z.I., Dolgodvorova A.A., Parfenova E.V.</copyright-holder><license xml:lang="ru" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>Данная работа распространяется под лицензией Creative Commons Attribution 4.0.</license-p></license><license xml:lang="en" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.</license-p></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://www.reanimatology.com/rmt/article/view/2655">https://www.reanimatology.com/rmt/article/view/2655</self-uri><abstract><p>Многие заболевания сердца связаны с избыточным накоплением миофибробластов, характеризующихся повышенной продукцией белков внеклеточного матрикса, устойчивостью к апоптозу, что ведет к прогрессированию фиброза и сердечной дисфункции. Воздействие на механизмы элиминации миофибробластов является перспективной стратегией лечения фиброза, требующей изучения.</p><sec><title>Цель работы</title><p>Цель работы: определить способность рапамицина, соединения-активатора аутофагии, воздействовать на стауроспорин-индуцированную гибель сердечных миофибробластов.</p></sec><sec><title>Материалы и методы</title><p>Материалы и методы. Моделирование сердечного фиброза in vivo проводили с использованием модели перевязки дуги аорты у мыши. В исследованиях in vitro использовали миофибробласты, полученные путем дифференцировки фибробластов сердца под действием TGFb1. Для изучения механизма элиминации миофибробластов разработали клеточную модель с использованием стауроспорина — алкалоида, который способен инициировать апоптоз в культуре сердечных миофибробластов. Исследование активности апоптоза и аутофагии выполняли с помощью иммунофлуоресцентных методов окрашивания, иммуноблотинга и проточной цитометрии.</p></sec><sec><title>Результаты</title><p>Результаты. Показали, что перегрузка сердца давлением вызывает накопление миофибробластов, характеризующихся низким показателем апоптоза (аннексин V+ клеток в ложнооперированных сердцах и после моделирования перегрузки давлением (0,0016 ± 0,0006% и 0,0019 ± 0,0009%; р = 0,32, n = 10), и развитием выраженного интерстициального фиброза в миокарде. Обнаружили, что рапамицин способен усиливать эффект стауроспорина и вызывать повышенную гибель миофибробластов за счет аутофагия-ассоциированных механизмов (контроль 1,68 ± 0,66% (n = 4); стауроспорин 65,8 ± 2,63% (n = 4); рапамицин + стауроспорин 73,73 ± 0,67% (n = 4); контроль vs стауроспорин p  &lt; 0,0001; контроль vs рапамицин + стауроспорин p &lt;  0,0001; стауроспорин vs рапамицин+стауроспорин p = 0,0071).</p></sec><sec><title>Заключение</title><p>Заключение. Рапамицин усиливал апоптоз миофибробластов, индуцированный воздействием стауроспорина, что может быть связано с регуляцией mTOR сигнализации и повышением активности аутофагии. Молекулярные механизмы этого процесса требуют дополнительных исследований.</p></sec></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="en"><p>Many cardiac diseases are associated with an excessive accumulation of myofibroblasts, characterized by increased production of extracellular matrix proteins and resistance to apoptosis, which leads to progression of fibrosis and cardiac dysfunction. Targeting the mechanisms of myofibroblast elimination is a promising strategy for treating fibrosis that requires further investigation.</p><p>The aim of this work was to determine the ability of the autophagy activator rapamycin to affect the staurosporin-induced death of cardiac myofibroblasts.</p><sec><title>Materials and methods</title><p>Materials and methods. In vivo modeling of cardiac fibrosis was performed using a mouse model of aortic arch ligation. In vitro studies used myofibroblasts obtained by differentiation of cardiac fibroblasts in presence of transforming growth factor beta 1 (TGFb1). To study the mechanism of myofibroblasts elimination, a cell model was developed using staurosporine, an alkaloid that can initiate apoptosis in a culture of cardiac myofibroblasts. The activity of apoptosis and autophagy was studied using immunofluorescence staining, immunoblotting, and flow cytometry.</p></sec><sec><title>Results</title><p>Results. It was shown that pressure-induced cardiac overload causes the accumulation of myofibroblasts characterized by a low rate of apoptosis (annexin V+ cells in sham-operated hearts and after modeling pressure overload (0.0016 ± 0.0006% and 0.0019 ± 0.0009%; p = 0.32, n = 10), leading to marked interstitial fibrosis in the myocardium. It was found that rapamycin is able to enhance the effect of staurosporin and cause increased myofibroblast death due to autophagy-associated mechanisms (control 1.68 ± 0.66% (n = 4); staurosporin 65.8 ± 2.63% (n = 4); rapamycin + staurosporin 73.73 ± 0.67% (n = 4); control vs staurosporin p  &lt; 0.0001; control vs rapamycin + staurosporin p  &lt; 0.0001; staurosporin vs rapamycin + staurosporin p = 0.0071).</p></sec><sec><title>Conclusion</title><p>Conclusion. Rapamycin enhanced myofibroblast apoptosis induced by staurosporine, which may be related to regulation of the mTOR signaling and increased autophagy activity. The molecular mechanisms of this process require further research. </p></sec></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>сердечные миофибробласты</kwd><kwd>рапамицин</kwd><kwd>стауроспорин</kwd><kwd>сердечный фиброз</kwd><kwd>аутофагия</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>cardiac myofibroblasts</kwd><kwd>rapamycin</kwd><kwd>staurosporine</kwd><kwd>cardiac fibrosis</kwd><kwd>autophagy</kwd></kwd-group><funding-group><funding-statement xml:lang="ru">Исследование поддержано грантом Российского научного фонда № 23-15- 00540, https://rscf.ru/project/23-15-00540.</funding-statement><funding-statement xml:lang="en">This study was supported by the Russian Science Foundation (grant No. 23-15-00540). https://rscf.ru/project/23-15-00540.</funding-statement></funding-group></article-meta></front><back><ref-list><title>References</title><ref id="cit1"><label>1</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Henderson N. C., Rieder F., Wynn T. A. Fibrosis: from mechanisms to medicines. Nature. 2020; 587 (7835): 555–566.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Henderson N. C., Rieder F., Wynn T. A. Fibrosis: from mechanisms to medicines. Nature. 2020; 587 (7835): 555–566.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit2"><label>2</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Mensah G. A., Fuster V., Murray C. J. L., Roth G. A. Global burde of cardiovascular diseases and risks, 1990–2022. J Am College Cardiol. 2023; 82 (25): 2350–2473. DOI: 10.1016/j.jacc.2023.11.007. PMID: 38092509.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Mensah G. A., Fuster V., Murray C. J. L., Roth G. A. Global burde of cardiovascular diseases and risks, 1990–2022. J Am College Cardiol. 2023; 82 (25): 2350–2473. DOI: 10.1016/j.jacc.2023.11.007. PMID: 38092509.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit3"><label>3</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Bruder O., Wagner A., Jensen C. J., Schneider S., Ong P., Kispert E. -M., Nassestein K., et al. Myocardial scar visualized by cardiovascular magnetic resonance imaging predicts major adverse events in patients with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2010; 56 (11): 875–87. DOI: 10.1016/j.jacc.2010.05.007. PMID: 20667520.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Bruder O., Wagner A., Jensen C. J., Schneider S., Ong P., Kispert E. -M., Nassestein K., et al. Myocardial scar visualized by cardiovascular magnetic resonance imaging predicts major adverse events in patients with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2010; 56 (11): 875–87. DOI: 10.1016/j.jacc.2010.05.007. PMID: 20667520.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit4"><label>4</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">O’Hanlon R., Grasso A., Roughton M., Moon J. C., Clark S., Wage R., Webb J., et al. Prognostic significance of myocardial fibrosis in hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2010; 56 (11): 867–874. DOI: 10.1016/j.jacc.2010.05.010. PMID: 20688032.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">O’Hanlon R., Grasso A., Roughton M., Moon J. C., Clark S., Wage R., Webb J., et al. Prognostic significance of myocardial fibrosis in hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2010; 56 (11): 867–874. DOI: 10.1016/j.jacc.2010.05.010. PMID: 20688032.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit5"><label>5</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Harris K. M., Spirito P., Maron M. S., Zenovich A. G., Formisano F., Lesser J. R., Mackey-Bojack S., et al. Prevalence, clinical profile, and significance of left ventricular remodeling in the end-stage phase of hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. Circulation. 2006; 114 (3): 216–225. DOI: 10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.105.583500. PMID: 16831987.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Harris K. M., Spirito P., Maron M. S., Zenovich A. G., Formisano F., Lesser J. R., Mackey-Bojack S., et al. Prevalence, clinical profile, and significance of left ventricular remodeling in the end-stage phase of hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. Circulation. 2006; 114 (3): 216–225. DOI: 10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.105.583500. PMID: 16831987.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit6"><label>6</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Poddi S., Lefter C. L., Linardi D., Ardigò A., Luciani G. B., Rungatscher A. Myocardial fibrosis: assessment, quantification, prognostic signification, and anti-fibrosis targets: a state-of-the-art review. J Cardiovasc Dev Dis. 2025; 12 (5): 192. DOI: 10.3390/jcdd12050192. PMID: 40422963.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Poddi S., Lefter C. L., Linardi D., Ardigò A., Luciani G. B., Rungatscher A. Myocardial fibrosis: assessment, quantification, prognostic signification, and anti-fibrosis targets: a state-of-the-art review. J Cardiovasc Dev Dis. 2025; 12 (5): 192. DOI: 10.3390/jcdd12050192.  PMID: 40422963.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit7"><label>7</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Leask A. TGFβ, cardiac fibroblasts, and the fibrotic response. Cardiovasc Res. 2007; 74 (2): 207–212. DOI: PMID: 16919613</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Leask A. TGFβ, cardiac fibroblasts, and the fibrotic response. Cardiovasc Res. 2007; 74 (2): 207–212. DOI: PMID: 16919613</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit8"><label>8</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Hinz B., Phan S. H., Thannickal V. J., Galli A., Bochaton-Piallat M. L., Gabbiani G. The myofibroblast: one function, multiple origins. Am J Pathol. 2007; 170 (6): 1807–16. DOI: 10.2353/ajpath.2007.070112. PMID: 17525249.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Hinz B., Phan S. H., Thannickal V. J., Galli A., Bochaton-Piallat M. L., Gabbiani G. The myofibroblast: one function, multiple origins. Am J Pathol. 2007; 170 (6): 1807–16. DOI: 10.2353/ajpath.2007.070112. PMID: 17525249.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit9"><label>9</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Krenning G., Zeisberg E. M., Kalluri R. The origin of fibroblasts and mechanism of cardiac fibrosis. J Cell Physiol. 2010; 225(3): 631–7. DOI: 10.1002/jcp.22322. PMID: 20635395.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Krenning G., Zeisberg E. M., Kalluri R. The origin of fibroblasts and mechanism of cardiac fibrosis. J Cell Physiol. 2010; 225(3): 631–7. DOI: 10.1002/jcp.22322. PMID: 20635395.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit10"><label>10</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Lin H., Wang X., Chung M., Cai S., Pan Y. Direct fibroblast reprogramming: an emerging strategy for treating organic fibrosis. J Transl Med. 2025; 23 (1): 240. DOI: 10.1186/s12967-024-06060-3. PMID: 40016790.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Lin H., Wang X., Chung M., Cai S., Pan Y. Direct fibroblast reprogramming: an emerging strategy for treating organic fibrosis. J Transl Med. 2025; 23 (1): 240. DOI: 10.1186/s12967-024-06060-3. PMID: 40016790.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit11"><label>11</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Eissa L. A., Marawan A. M., Marawan M. E., Abass S. A. Autophagy in disease management: Exploring the potential of natural products as targeted therapies. Pathol Res Pract. 2025; 272: 156077. DOI: 10.1016/j.prp.2025.156077. PMID: 40516139.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Eissa L. A., Marawan A. M., Marawan M. E., Abass S. A. Autophagy in disease management: Exploring the potential of natural products as targeted therapies. Pathol Res Pract. 2025; 272: 156077. DOI: 10.1016/j.prp.2025.156077. PMID: 40516139.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit12"><label>12</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Дергилев К. В., Гольцева Ю. Д., Цоколаева З. И., Белоглазова И. Б., Ярушкина И. С., Азимова Е. Д., Ратнер Е. И., и др. Активность аутофагии в фибробластах сердца на ранних этапах развития сердечной дисфункции, вызванной перегрузкой давлением. Кардиологический вестник. 2025; 20 (1): 13–21. DOI: 10.17116/Cardiobulletin20252001113.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Dergilev  K.  V., Goltseva Yu.D., Tsokolayeva Z. I., Beloglazova I. B., Yarushkina I. S., Azimova E. D., Ratner E. I., et al. Autophagy activity in cardiac fibroblasts in the early stages of cardiac dysfunction induced by pressure overload. Russian Cardiology Bulletin=Kardiologicheskiy Vestnik. 2025; 20 (1): 13–21. (in Russ.). DOI: 10.17116/Cardiobulletin20252001113.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit13"><label>13</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Ma J., Tan X., Feng J., Li Z., Tan S., Li B., Zhao L. Research progress on the regulation of autophagy in cardiovascular diseases by chemokines. Open Life Sci. 2025; 20 (1): 20221026. DOI: 10.1515/biol-2022-1026. PMID: 40535169.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Ma J., Tan X., Feng J., Li Z., Tan S., Li B., Zhao L. Research progress on the regulation of autophagy in cardiovascular diseases by chemokines. Open Life Sci. 2025; 20 (1): 20221026. DOI: 10.1515/biol-2022-1026. PMID: 40535169.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit14"><label>14</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Dergilev K. V., Makarevich P. I., Tsokolaeva Z. I., Boldyreva M. A., Beloglazova I. B., Zubkova E. S., Menshikov M. Y., et al. Comparison of cardiac stem cell sheets detached by Versene solution and from thermoresponsive dishes reveals similar properties of constructs. Tissue and Cell. 2017; 49 (1): 64–71. DOI: 10.1016/j.tice.2016.12.001. PMID: 28041835.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Dergilev K. V., Makarevich P. I., Tsokolaeva Z. I., Boldyreva M. A., Beloglazova I. B., Zubkova E. S., Menshikov M. Y., et al. Comparison of cardiac stem cell sheets detached by Versene solution and from thermoresponsive dishes reveals similar properties of constructs. Tissue and Cell. 2017; 49 (1): 64–71. DOI: 10.1016/j.tice.2016.12.001. PMID: 28041835.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit15"><label>15</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Dergilev K. V., Shevchenko E. K., Tsokolaeva Z. I., Beloglazova I. B., Zubkova E. S., Boldyreva M. A., Menshikov M. Y., et al. Cell sheet comprised of mesenchymal stromal cells overexpressing stem cell factor promotes epicardium activation and heart function improvement in a rat model of myocardium infarction. Int J Mol Sci. 2020; 21 (24): 9603. DOI: 10.3390/ijms21249603. PMID: 33339427</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Dergilev K. V., Shevchenko E. K., Tsokolaeva Z. I., Beloglazova I. B., Zubkova  E.  S., Boldyreva  M.  A., Menshikov  M.  Y., et al. Cell sheet comprised of mesenchymal stromal cells overexpressing stem cell factor promotes epicardium activation and heart function improvement in a rat model of myocardium infarction. Int J Mol Sci. 2020; 21 (24): 9603. DOI: 10.3390/ijms21249603. PMID: 33339427</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit16"><label>16</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Mukade Y., Kobayashi S., Nishijima Y., Kimura K., Watanabe A,, Ikota H., Shirabe K., et al. Phosphotungstic acid–treated picrosirius red staining improves whole-slide quantitative analysis of collagen in histological specimens. J Histochem Cytochem. 2023; 71 (1): 11–26. DOI: 10.1369/00221554221141140. PMID: 36433833.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Mukade Y., Kobayashi S., Nishijima Y., Kimura K., Watanabe A,, Ikota H., Shirabe K., et al. Phosphotungstic acid–treated picrosirius red staining improves whole-slide quantitative analysis of collagen in histological specimens. J Histochem Cytochem. 2023; 71 (1): 11–26. DOI: 10.1369/00221554221141140. PMID: 36433833.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit17"><label>17</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Hu X.-J., Wu W.-C.-H., Dong N.-G., Shi J.-W., Liu J.-W., Chen S., Deng C., et al. Role of TGF-β1 signaling in heart valve calcification induced by abnormal mechanical stimulation in a tissue engineering model. Curr Med Sci. 2018; 38 (5): 765–75. DOI: 10.1007/s11596-018-1943-9. PMID: 30341511.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Hu X.-J., Wu W.-C.-H., Dong N.-G., Shi J.-W., Liu J.-W., Chen S., Deng C., et al. Role of TGF-β1 signaling in heart valve calcification induced by abnormal mechanical stimulation in a tissue engineering model. Curr Med Sci. 2018; 38 (5): 765–75. DOI: 10.1007/s11596-018-1943-9. PMID: 30341511.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit18"><label>18</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Bernacchioni C., Capezzuoli T., Vannuzzi V., Malentacchi F., Castiglione F., Cencetti F., Ceccaroni M., et al. Sphingosine 1-phosphate receptors are dysregulated in endometriosis: possible implication in transforming growth factor β-induced fibrosis. Fertil Steril. 2021; 115 (2): 501–511. DOI: 10.1016/j.fertnstert.2020.08.012. PMID: 32907751.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Bernacchioni C., Capezzuoli T., Vannuzzi V., Malentacchi F., CastiglioneF., Cencetti F., Ceccaroni M., et al. Sphingosine 1-phosphate receptors are dysregulated in endometriosis: possible implication in transforming growth factor β-induced fibrosis. Fertil Steril. 2021; 115 (2): 501–511. DOI: 10.1016/j.fertnstert.2020.08.012. PMID: 32907751.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit19"><label>19</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Wenner C. E., Yan S. Biphasic role of TGF‐β1 in signal transduction and crosstalk. J Cell Physiol. 2003; 196 (1): 42–50. DOI: 10.1002/jcp.10243. PMID: 12767039.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Wenner C. E., Yan S. Biphasic role of TGF‐β1 in signal transduction and crosstalk. J Cell Physiol. 2003; 196 (1): 42–50. DOI: 10.1002/jcp.10243. PMID: 12767039.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit20"><label>20</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Guo S., Liang Y., Murphy S. F., Huang A., Shen H., Kelly D. F., Sobrado P., et al. A rapid and high content assay that measures cyto-ID-stained autophagic compartments and estimates autophagy flux with potential clinical applications. Autophagy. 2015; 11 (3): 560–572. DOI: 10.1080/15548627.2015.1017181. PMID: 25714620.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Guo S., Liang Y., Murphy  S.  F., Huang A., Shen H., Kelly  D.  F., Sobrado P., et al. A rapid and high content assay that measures cyto-ID-stained autophagic compartments and estimates autophagy flux with potential clinical applications. Autophagy. 2015; 11 (3): 560–572. DOI: 10.1080/15548627.2015.1017181. PMID: 25714620.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit21"><label>21</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Brokowska J., Gaffke L., Pierzynowska K., Węgrzyn G. Enhanced efficiency of the basal and induced apoptosis process in mucopolysaccharidosis IVA and IVB human fibroblasts. Int J Mol Sci. 2023; 24 (18): 14119. DOI: 10.3390/ijms241814119. PMID: 37762422.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Brokowska J., Gaffke L., Pierzynowska K., Węgrzyn G. Enhanced efficiency of the basal and induced apoptosis process in mucopolysaccharidosis IVA and IVB human fibroblasts. Int J Mol Sci. 2023; 24 (18): 14119. DOI: 10.3390/ijms241814119. PMID: 37762422.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit22"><label>22</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Gui Y., Lu Q., Gu M., Wang M., Liang Y., Zhu X., Xue X., et al. Fibroblast mTOR/PPARγ/HGF axis protects against tubular cell death and acute kidney injury. Cell Death Differ. 2019; 26 (12): 2774–89. DOI: 10.1038/s41418-019-0336-3. PMID: 31024074.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Gui Y., Lu Q., Gu M., Wang M., Liang Y., Zhu X., Xue X., et al. Fibroblast mTOR/PPARγ/HGF axis protects against tubular cell death and acute kidney injury. Cell Death Differ. 2019; 26 (12): 2774–89. DOI: 10.1038/s41418-019-0336-3. PMID: 31024074.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit23"><label>23</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Sarkar R., Choudhury S. M., Kanneganti T. D. Classical apoptotic stimulus, staurosporine, induces lytic inflammatory cell death, PANoptosis. J Biol Chem. 2024; 300 (9): 107676. DOI: 10.1016/j.jbc.2024.107676. PMID: 39151726.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Sarkar R., Choudhury S. M., Kanneganti T. D. Classical apoptotic stimulus, staurosporine, induces lytic inflammatory cell death, PANoptosis. J Biol Chem. 2024; 300 (9): 107676. DOI: 10.1016/j.jbc.2024.107676. PMID: 39151726.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit24"><label>24</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Schmelzle T., Hall M. N. TOR, a central controller of cell growth. Cell. 2000; 103 (2): 253–262. DOI: 10.1016/s0092-8674(00)00117-3. PMID: 11057898.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Schmelzle T., Hall  M.  N. TOR, a central controller of cell growth. Cell. 2000; 103 (2): 253–262. DOI: 10.1016/s0092-8674(00)00117-3. PMID: 11057898.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit25"><label>25</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Дергилев К. В., Цоколаева З. И., Гуреенков А. Д., Расулова М. Т., Парфенова Е. В. Активность аутофагии в клетках эпикарда при развитии острого перикардита. Общая реаниматология. 2024; 20 (1): 43–49. DOI: 10.15360/1813-9779-2024-2366</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Dergilev K. V., Tsokolayeva Z. I., Gureyenkov A. D., Rasulova  M.  T., Parfenova  E.  V. Autophagy activity in epicardial cells in acute pericarditis. General Reanimatology=Obshchaya Reanimatologiya. 2024; 20(1): 43–49. (in Russ.&amp;Eng.). DOI: 10.15360/1813-9779-2024-2366</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit26"><label>26</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Luo Q., Zhao Y., Ren P., Liu X., Chen Y., Ying Q., Zhou J. Autophagy — unlocking new dimensions in the pathology and treatment of depression. Cell. 2025; 14 (11): 795. DOI: 10.3390/cells14110795. PMID: 40497971.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Luo Q., Zhao Y., Ren P., Liu X., Chen Y., Ying Q., Zhou J. Autophagy — unlocking new dimensions in the pathology and treatment of depression. Cell. 2025; 14 (11): 795. DOI: 10.3390/cells14110795. PMID: 40497971.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit27"><label>27</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">He C., Klionsky D. J. Regulation mechanisms and signaling pathways of autophagy. Annu Rev Genet. 2009; 43 (1): 67–93. DOI: 10.1146/annurev-genet-102808-114910. PMID: 19653858.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">He C., Klionsky D. J. Regulation mechanisms and signaling pathways of autophagy. Annu Rev Genet. 2009; 43 (1): 67–93. DOI: 10.1146/annurev-genet-102808-114910. PMID: 19653858.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit28"><label>28</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Nah J., Zablocki D., Sadoshima J. The role of autophagic cell death in cardiac disease. J Mol Cell Cardiol. 2022; 173: 16–24. DOI: 10.1016/j.yjmcc.2022.08.362. PMID: 36084743.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Nah J., Zablocki D., Sadoshima J. The role of autophagic cell death in cardiac disease. J Mol Cell Cardiol. 2022; 173: 16–24. DOI: 10.1016/j.yjmcc.2022.08.362. PMID: 36084743.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit29"><label>29</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Yang X., Wu H., Zhou G., Zhang D., Yang Q., Liu Y. Autosis: a new form of cell death in myocardial ischemia–reperfusion injury. Mol Cell Biochem. 2025; 480 (1): 91–101. DOI: 10.1007/s11010-024-04988-0. PMID: 38594455.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Yang X., Wu H., Zhou G., Zhang D., Yang Q., Liu Y. Autosis: a new form of cell death in myocardial ischemia–reperfusion injury. Mol Cell Biochem. 2025; 480 (1): 91–101. DOI: 10.1007/s11010-024-04988-0. PMID: 38594455.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit30"><label>30</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Ritter L. M., Annear N. M. P., Baple E. L., Ben-Chaabane L. Y., Bodi I., Brosson L., Cadwgan J. E., et al. mTOR pathway diseases: challenges and opportunities from bench to bedside and the mTOR node. Orphanet J Rare Dis. 2025; 20 (1): 256. DOI: 10.1186/s13023-025-03740-1. PMID: 40426219.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Ritter L. M., Annear N. M. P., Baple E. L., Ben-Chaabane L. Y., Bodi I., Brosson L., Cadwgan J. E., et al. mTOR pathway diseases: challenges and opportunities from bench to bedside and the mTOR node. Orphanet J Rare Dis. 2025; 20 (1): 256.  DOI: 10.1186/s13023-025-03740-1. PMID: 40426219.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit31"><label>31</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Kim J., Kundu M., Viollet B., Guan K.-L. AMPK and mTOR regulate autophagy through direct phosphorylation of Ulk1. Nat Cell Biol. 2011; 13 (2): 132–41. DOI: 10.1038/ncb2152. PMID: 21258367.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Kim J., Kundu M., Viollet B., Guan K.-L. AMPK and mTOR regulate autophagy through direct phosphorylation of Ulk1. Nat Cell Biol. 2011; 13 (2): 132–41. DOI: 10.1038/ncb2152. PMID: 21258367.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit32"><label>32</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Egan D., Kim J., Shaw R. J., Guan K.-L. The autophagy initiating kinase ULK1 is regulated via opposing phosphorylation by AMPK and mTOR. Autophagy. 2011; 7 (6): 643–644. DOI: 10.4161/auto.7.6.15123. PMID: 21460621.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Egan D., Kim J., Shaw  R.  J., Guan K.-L. The autophagy initiating kinase ULK1 is regulated via opposing phosphorylation by AMPK and mTOR. Autophagy. 2011; 7 (6): 643–644. DOI: 10.4161/auto.7.6.15123. PMID: 21460621.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit33"><label>33</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Martina J. A., Chen Y., Gucek M., Puertollano R. MTORC1 functions as a transcriptional regulator of autophagy by preventing nuclear transport of TFEB. Autophagy. 2012; 8 (6): 903–914. DOI: 10.4161/auto.19653. PMID: 22576015.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Martina J. A., Chen Y., Gucek M., Puertollano R. MTORC1 functions as a transcriptional regulator of autophagy by preventing nuclear transport of TFEB. Autophagy. 2012; 8 (6): 903–914. DOI: 10.4161/auto.19653. PMID: 22576015.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit34"><label>34</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Sardiello M., Palmieri M., Di Ronza A., Medina D. L., Valenza M., Gennarino V. A., Malta C. D., et al. A gene network regulating lysosomal biogenesis and function. Science. 2009; 325 (5939): 473–477. DOI: 10.1126/science.1174447. PMID: 19556463.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Sardiello M., Palmieri M., Di Ronza A., Medina D. L., Valenza M., Gennarino  V.  A., Malta  C.  D., et al. A gene network regulating lysosomal biogenesis and function. Science. 2009; 325 (5939): 473–477. DOI: 10.1126/science.1174447. PMID: 19556463.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit35"><label>35</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Settembre C., Ballabio A. TFEB regulates autophagy: an integrated coordination of cellular degradation and recycling processes. Autophagy. 2011; 7 (11): 1379–81. DOI: 10.4161/auto.7.11.17166. PMID: 21785263.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Settembre C., Ballabio A. TFEB regulates autophagy: an integrated coordination of cellular degradation and recycling processes. Autophagy. 2011; 7 (11): 1379–81. DOI: 10.4161/auto.7.11.17166. PMID: 21785263.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit36"><label>36</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Heitman J. On the discovery of TOR as the target of rapamycin. PLoS Pathog. 2015; 11 (11): e1005245. DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1005245. PMID: 26540102.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Heitman J. On the discovery of TOR as the target of rapamycin. PLoS Pathog. 2015; 11 (11): e1005245. DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1005245. PMID: 26540102.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit37"><label>37</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Zhao W.-J., Qian Y., Zhang Y.-F., Yang A.- H., Cao J.-X., Qian H.-Y., Liu Y., et al. Endothelial FOSL1 drives angiotensin II-induced myocardial injury via AT1R-upregulated MYH9. Acta Pharmacol Sin. 2025; 46 (4): 922–939. DOI: 10.1038/s41401-024-01410-9. PMID: 39592734.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Zhao W.-J., Qian Y., Zhang Y.-F., Yang A.- H., Cao J.-X., Qian H.-Y., Liu Y., et al. Endothelial FOSL1 drives angiotensin II-induced myocardial injury via AT1R-upregulated MYH9. Acta Pharmacol Sin. 2025; 46 (4): 922–939. DOI: 10.1038/s41401-024-01410-9. PMID: 39592734.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit38"><label>38</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Rüegg U. T., Gillian B. Staurosporine, K-252 and UCN-01: potent but nonspecific inhibitors of protein kinases. Trends Pharmacol Sci. 1989; 10(6): 218–220. DOI: 10.1016/0165-6147(89)90263-0. PMID: 2672462.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Rüegg U. T., Gillian B. Staurosporine, K-252 and UCN-01: potent but nonspecific inhibitors of protein kinases. Trends Pharmacol Sci. 1989; 10(6): 218–220. DOI: 10.1016/0165-6147(89)90263-0. PMID: 2672462.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit39"><label>39</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Meggio F., Deana A. D., Ruzzene M., Brunati A. M., Cesaro L., Guerra B., Meyer T., et al. Different susceptibility of protein kinases to staurosporine inhibition: kinetic studies and molecular bases for the resistance of protein kinase CK2. Europ J Biochem. 1995; 234 (1): 317–322. DOI: 10.1111/j.1432-1033.1995.317_c.x. PMID: 8529658.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Meggio F., Deana A. D., Ruzzene M., Brunati A. M., Cesaro L., Guerra B., Meyer T., et al. Different susceptibility of protein kinases to staurosporine inhibition: kinetic studies and molecular bases for the resistance of protein kinase CK2. Europ J Biochem. 1995; 234 (1): 317–322. DOI: 10.1111/j.1432-1033.1995.317_c.x. PMID: 8529658.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit40"><label>40</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Tee A. R., Proud C. G. Staurosporine inhibits phosphorylation of translational regulators linked to mTOR. Cell Death Differ. 2001; 8 (8): 841–849. DOI: 10.1038/sj.cdd.4400876. PMID: 11526437.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Tee  A.  R., Proud  C.  G. Staurosporine inhibits phosphorylation of translational regulators linked to mTOR. Cell Death Differ. 2001; 8 (8): 841–849. DOI: 10.1038/sj.cdd.4400876. PMID: 11526437.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit41"><label>41</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Yi Z., Liu J., Shen L., Hu Y. mTOR and autophagy in acute lung injury pathogenesis and therapeutic potential. J Thorac Dis. 2025; 17 (4): 2679–92. DOI: 10.21037/jtd-24-1817. PMID: 40400934.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Yi Z., Liu J., Shen L., Hu Y. mTOR and autophagy in acute lung injury pathogenesis and therapeutic potential. J Thorac Dis. 2025; 17 (4): 2679–92. DOI: 10.21037/jtd-24-1817. PMID: 40400934.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit42"><label>42</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Fu W., Wu G. Targeting mTOR for anti-aging and anti-cancer therapy. Molecules. 2023; 28 (7): 3157. DOI: 10.3390/molecules28073157. PMID: 37049920.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Fu W., Wu G. Targeting mTOR for anti-aging and anti-cancer therapy. Molecules. 2023; 28 (7): 3157. DOI: 10.3390/molecules28073157. PMID: 37049920.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref></ref-list><fn-group><fn fn-type="conflict"><p>The authors declare that there are no conflicts of interest present.</p></fn></fn-group></back></article>
