<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<!DOCTYPE article PUBLIC "-//NLM//DTD JATS (Z39.96) Journal Publishing DTD v1.3 20210610//EN" "JATS-journalpublishing1-3.dtd">
<article article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.3" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xml:lang="ru"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">rmt</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="ru">Общая реаниматология</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>General Reanimatology</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn pub-type="ppub">1813-9779</issn><issn pub-type="epub">2411-7110</issn><publisher><publisher-name>FSBI "SRIGR" RAMS</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.15360/1813-9779-2025-6-77-85</article-id><article-id custom-type="elpub" pub-id-type="custom">rmt-2659</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>УЛУЧШЕНИЕ РАБОТЫ ОРИТ</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>OPTIMIZATION OF ICU</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title>Организация помощи пациентам с дыхательной недостаточностью в условиях массового поступления больных COVID-19</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Providing Care for Developing Respiratory Failure During Mass Admission of Patients with COVID-19</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2214-821X</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Рыбалко</surname><given-names>А. С.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Rybalko</surname><given-names>A. S.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Андрей Сергеевич Рыбалко</p><p>123056, г. Москва, Грузинский пер., д. 3а</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Andrey S. Rybalko</p><p>3а Gruzinsky Pereulok, 123056, Moscow</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">rybalko_a@internet.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2110-3757</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Галкина</surname><given-names>С. Н.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Galkina</surname><given-names>S. N.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Светлана Николаевна Галкина</p><p>123056, г. Москва, Грузинский пер., д. 3а</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Svetlana N. Galkina</p><p>3а Gruzinsky Pereulok, 123056, Moscow</p></bio><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0009-0002-6545-4970</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Алиев</surname><given-names>Ш. М.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Aliev</surname><given-names>Sh. M.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Ширхан Мазахир оглы Алиев</p><p>108811, г. Москва, поселение Вороновское, квартал № 10</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Shirhan M. Aliev</p><p>10 block Voronovskoye settlement, 108811 Moscow</p></bio><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-2"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5504-8122</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Базанович</surname><given-names>С. А.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Bazanovich</surname><given-names>S. A.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Сергей Александрович Базанович</p><p>107031, г. Москва, ул. Петровка, д. 25, стр. 2</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Sergey A. Bazanovich</p><p>25 Petrovka Str., Bldg. 2, 107031 Moscow</p></bio><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-3"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5891-3417</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Чаус</surname><given-names>Н. И.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Chaus</surname><given-names>N. I.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Николай Иванович Чаус</p><p>107031, г. Москва, ул. Петровка, д. 25, стр. 2</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Nikolai I. Chaus</p><p>25 Petrovka Str., Bldg. 2, 107031 Moscow</p></bio><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-3"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7166-0290</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Переходов</surname><given-names>С. Н.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Perekhodov</surname><given-names>S. N.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Сергей Николаевич Переходов</p><p>123056, г. Москва, Грузинский пер., д. 3а</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Sergey N. Perekhodov</p><p>3а Gruzinsky Pereulok, 123056, Moscow</p></bio><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5260-3247</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Карпун</surname><given-names>Н. А.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Karpun</surname><given-names>N. A.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Николай Александрович Карпун</p><p>123056, г. Москва, Грузинский пер., д. 3а;</p><p>107031, г. Москва, ул. Петровка, д. 25, стр. 2</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Nikolai A. Karpun</p><p>3а Gruzinsky Pereulok, 123056, Moscow;</p><p>25 Petrovka Str., Bldg. 2, 107031 Moscow</p></bio><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-4"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff-1"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>Акционерное общество «Группа компаний «МЕДСИ», Клиническая больница № 1 в Отрадном</institution><country>Россия</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>«Medsi group» Joint Stock Company</institution><country>Russian Federation</country></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff-2"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>Московский клинический центр инфекционных болезней «Вороновское»</institution><country>Россия</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>Moscow Clinical Center for Infectious Diseases «Voronovskoye»</institution><country>Russian Federation</country></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff-3"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>Федеральный научно-клинический центр реаниматологии и реабилитологии Минобрнауки России</institution><country>Россия</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>Federal Research and Clinical Center of Intensive Care Medicine and Rehabilitology, Ministry of Education and Science of Russia</institution><country>Russian Federation</country></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff-4"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>Акционерное общество «Группа компаний «МЕДСИ», Клиническая больница № 1 в Отрадном;&#13;
Федеральный научно-клинический центр реаниматологии и реабилитологии Минобрнауки России</institution><country>Россия</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>«Medsi group» Joint Stock Company;&#13;
Federal Research and Clinical Center of Intensive Care Medicine and Rehabilitology, Ministry of Education and Science of Russia</institution><country>Russian Federation</country></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date pub-type="collection"><year>2025</year></pub-date><pub-date pub-type="epub"><day>26</day><month>12</month><year>2025</year></pub-date><volume>21</volume><issue>6</issue><fpage>77</fpage><lpage>84</lpage><permissions><copyright-statement>Copyright &amp;#x00A9; Рыбалко А.С., Галкина С.Н., Алиев Ш.М., Базанович С.А., Чаус Н.И., Переходов С.Н., Карпун Н.А., 2025</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2025</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Рыбалко А.С., Галкина С.Н., Алиев Ш.М., Базанович С.А., Чаус Н.И., Переходов С.Н., Карпун Н.А.</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Rybalko A.S., Galkina S.N., Aliev S.M., Bazanovich S.A., Chaus N.I., Perekhodov S.N., Karpun N.A.</copyright-holder><license xml:lang="ru" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>Данная работа распространяется под лицензией Creative Commons Attribution 4.0.</license-p></license><license xml:lang="en" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.</license-p></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://www.reanimatology.com/rmt/article/view/2659">https://www.reanimatology.com/rmt/article/view/2659</self-uri><abstract><p>Пандемия COVID-19 стала беспрецедентным вызовом для систем здравоохранения во всем мире. Массовое поступление пациентов с тяжелой гипоксемической дыхательной недостаточностью, часто прогрессирующей до острого респираторного дистресс-синдрома (ОРДС), привело к острому дефициту коек в отделениях реанимации и интенсивной терапии (ОРИТ).</p><p>Цель исследования — оценить эффективность организационной модели оказания помощи пациентам с тяжелой COVID-19 пневмонией, включающей создание палат интенсивного наблюдения (ПИН) для проведения неинвазивной респираторной поддержки вне ОРИТ, и разработать прогностическую модель риска перевода больных на инвазивную вентиляцию легких (ИВЛ) или неинвазивную вентиляцию легких (НИВЛ).</p><sec><title>Материалы и методы</title><p>Материалы и методы. Провели ретроспективное обсервационное исследование на базе Городской клинической больницы им. В. П. Демихова Московского клинического центра инфекционных болезней «Вороновское», в период с января по декабрь 2021 г. Анализировали данные 950 пациентов с подтвержденным COVID-19 и гипоксемической дыхательной недостаточностью, которым была начата высокопоточная оксигенотерапия (ВПОТ) в условиях ПИН. Изучили демографическую структуру, преморбидный фон, клинико-лабораторные показатели, схемы респираторной и противовоспалительной (глюкокортикоиды — ГКС: дексаметазон или метилпреднизолон, моноклональные антитела — МАТ) терапии. Для 573 пациентов, переведенных из ПИН в ОРИТ, оценили исходы и факторы риска потребности в НИВЛ/ИВЛ с использованием бинарной логистической регрессии.</p></sec><sec><title>Результаты</title><p>Результаты. Из 950 пациентов, начавших ВПОТ в ПИН, 573 (60,3%) перевели в ОРИТ для эскалации респираторной поддержки. Летальность в группе ОРИТ составила 25,7% (147 из 573 больных госпитализированных в ОРИТ). При сравнении схем применения ГКС с МАТ или без, летальность у пациентов, получавших метилпреднизолон при любой схеме терапии была ниже, чем у пациентов, получавших дексаметазон: 14,1% vs 25,8% (с МАТ, р &lt; 0,001) и 15,3% vs 37,4% (только ГКС, р &lt; 0,001). Согласно логистической регрессионной модели, предикторами повышенного риска потребности в НИВЛ/ИВЛ явились: старший возраст (ОШ &gt; 1,014 на каждый год [1,024; 1,058], наличие сахарного диабета (ОШ &gt; 1,530 [1,038; 2,2123]) и более высокая оценка по шкале NEWS при переводе в ОРИТ (ОШ &gt; 1,342 на каждый балл [1,153; 1,562]). Применение метилпреднизолона по сравнению с дексаметазоном ассоциировалось со сниженным риском потребности в НИВЛ/ИВЛ (ОШ = 0,346 [0,238; 0,503]).</p></sec><sec><title>Заключение</title><p>Заключение. Организация ПИН для проведения ВПОТ по строгому протоколу позволила оказывать помощь большому числу пациентов в условиях дефицита ресурсов ОРИТ. Применение метилпреднизолона ассоциировалось с более низкой летальностью в ОРИТ по сравнению с дексаметазоном. Разработанная прогностическая модель может быть полезна для стратификации рисков эскалации методов респираторной поддержки и своевременного принятия решений переводе больных на неинвазивную/инвазивную вентиляцию легких.</p></sec></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="en"><p>The COVID-19 pandemic has posed an unprecedented challenge to healthcare systems around the world. The mass influx of patients with severe hypoxemic respiratory failure, often progressing to acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS), has led to an acute shortage of beds in intensive care units (ICUs).</p><p>The aim of the study was to evaluate the effectiveness of an organizational model for the care of patients with severe COVID-19 pneumonia, including the creation of intensive observation wards (IOWs) for non-invasive respiratory support outside the ICU, and to develop a prognostic model for the risk of transferring patients to invasive mechanical ventilation (IMV) or non-invasive mechanical ventilation (NIMV).</p><sec><title>Materials and methods</title><p>Materials and methods. A retrospective observational study was conducted at the V. P. Demikhov city clinical hospital of the Voronovskoye Moscow clinical center for infectious diseases from January to December 2021. We analyzed data from 950 patients with confirmed COVID-19 and hypoxemic respiratory failure who started anhigh-flow oxygen therapy (HFOT) in the IOW. The demographic structure, premorbid background, clinical and laboratory parameters, and respiratory and anti-inflammatory therapy regimens (glucocorticoids — GCS: dexamethasone or methylprednisolone, and/or monoclonal antibodies — MAbs) were studied. For 573 patients transferred from the IOW to the ICU, we assessed outcomes and risk factors for the need for NIMV/IMV using binary logistic regression.</p></sec><sec><title>Results</title><p>Results. Of the 950 patients who started HFOT in the IOW, 573 (60.3%) were transferred to the ICU for escalation of respiratory support. The mortality rate in the ICU group was 25.7% (147 of 573 patients hospitalized in the ICU). When comparing GCS regimens with or without MAbs, the mortality rate in patients receiving methylprednisolone in any treatment regimen was lower than in patients receiving dexamethasone: 14.1% vs. 25.8% (with MAbs, p &lt; 0.001) and 15.3% vs. 37.4% (GCS only, p &lt; 0.001). According to the logistic regression model, predictors of increased risk for the need for NIMV/IMV were: older age (OR &gt; 1.014 for each year [1.024; 1.058], presence of diabetes mellitus (OR &gt; 1.530 [1.038; 2.2123]), and a higher NEWS score upon transfer to the ICU (OR &gt; 1.342 for each score [1.153;1.562]). The use of methylprednisolone compared to dexamethasone was associated with a reduced risk of requiring NIMV/IMV (OR = 0.346 [0.238; 0.503]).</p></sec><sec><title>Conclusion</title><p>Conclusion. The organization of IOW for the implementation of HFOT according to a strict protocol made it possible to provide assistance to a large number of patients in conditions of ICU resource shortages. The use of methylprednisolone was associated with lower mortality in the ICU compared to dexamethasone. The developed prognostic model may be useful for stratifying the risks of escalating respiratory support methods and making timely decisions to transfer patients to non-invasive/invasive mechanical ventilation. </p></sec></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>острая дыхательная недостаточность</kwd><kwd>COVID-19</kwd><kwd>высокопоточная оксигенотерапия</kwd><kwd>глюкокортикоиды</kwd><kwd>метилпреднизолон</kwd><kwd>дексаметазон</kwd><kwd>прогностическая модель рисков эскалации респираторной поддержки</kwd><kwd>палаты интенсивного наблюдения</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>acute respiratory failure</kwd><kwd>COVID-19</kwd><kwd>high-flow oxygen therapy</kwd><kwd>glucocorticoids</kwd><kwd>methylprednisolone</kwd><kwd>dexamethasone</kwd><kwd>prognostic model of risks of escalation of respiratory support</kwd><kwd>intensive care wards</kwd></kwd-group></article-meta></front><back><ref-list><title>References</title><ref id="cit1"><label>1</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Guan W.-J., Ni Z.-Y., Hu Y., Liang W.-H., Ou C.-Q., He J.-X., Liu L., et al. Clinical characteristics of coronavirus disease 2019 in China. N Engl J Med. 2020; 382 (18): 1708–1720. DOI: 10.1056/NEJMoa2002032. PMID: 32109013.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Guan W.-J., Ni Z.-Y., Hu Y., Liang W.-H., Ou C.-Q., He J.-X., Liu L., et al. Clinical characteristics of coronavirus disease 2019 in China. N Engl J Med. 2020; 382 (18): 1708–1720. DOI: 10.1056/NEJMoa2002032. PMID: 32109013.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit2"><label>2</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Grasselli G., Zangrillo A., Zanella A., Antonelli M., Cabrini L., Castelli A., Cereda D., et al. Baseline characteristics and outcomes of 1591 patients infected with SARS-CoV-2 admitted to ICUs of the Lombardy region, Italy. JAMA. 2020; 323 (16): 1574–1581. DOI: 10.1001/jama.2020.5394. PMID: 32250385.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Grasselli G., Zangrillo A., Zanella A., Antonelli M., Cabrini L., Castelli A., Cereda D., et al. Baseline characteristics and outcomes of 1591 patients infected with SARS-CoV-2 admitted to ICUs of the Lombardy region, Italy. JAMA. 2020; 323 (16): 1574–1581. DOI: 10.1001/jama.2020.5394. PMID: 32250385.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit3"><label>3</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Berlin D. A., Gulick R. M., Martinez F. J. Severe Covid-19. N Engl J Med. 2020; 383 (25): 2451–2460. DOI: 10.1056/NEJMcp2009575. PMID: 32412710.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Berlin D. A., Gulick R. M., Martinez F. J. Severe Covid-19. N Engl J Med. 2020; 383 (25): 2451–2460. DOI: 10.1056/NEJMcp2009575. PMID: 32412710.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit4"><label>4</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Gibson P. G., Qin L., Puah S. H. COVID-19 acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS): clinical features and differences from typical pre-COVID-19 ARDS. Med J Aust. 2020; 213 (2): 54–56.e1. DOI: 10.5694/mja2.50674. PMID: 32572965.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Gibson P. G., Qin L., Puah S. H. COVID-19 acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS): clinical features and differences from typical pre-COVID-19 ARDS. Med J Aust. 2020; 213 (2): 54–56.e1. DOI: 10.5694/mja2.50674. PMID: 32572965.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit5"><label>5</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Phua J., Weng L., Ling L., et al. Intensive care management of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19): challenges and recommendations. Lancet Respir Med. 2020; 8 (5): 506–517. DOI: 10.1016/S2213-2600(20)30161-2.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Phua J., Weng L., Ling L., et al. Intensive care management of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19): challenges and recommendations. Lancet Respir Med. 2020; 8 (5): 506–517. DOI: 10.1016/S2213-2600(20)30161-2.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit6"><label>6</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Azoulay E., Beltran P., Loomis A., et al. Ethics in the wake of coronavirus disease 2019: a call for solidarity. Lancet Respir Med. 2020; 8 (6): 549–551. DOI: 10.1016/S2213-2600 (20)30198-3.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Azoulay E., Beltran P., Loomis A., et al. Ethics in the wake of coronavirus disease 2019: a call for solidarity. Lancet Respir Med. 2020; 8 (6): 549–551. DOI: 10.1016/S2213-2600 (20)30198-3.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit7"><label>7</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Заболотских И. Б., Киров М. Ю., Лебединский К. М., Проценко Д. Н., Авдеев С. Н., Андреенко А. А., Арсентьев Л. В., с соавт. Анестезиолого-реанимационное обеспечение пациентов с новой коронавирусной инфекцией COVID-19. Методические рекомендации Общероссийской общественной организации «Федерация анестезиологов и реаниматологов».» Вестник интенсивной терапии имени А. И. Салтанова 2022; 1: 5–140. DOI: 10.21320/1818-474X-2022-1-5-140.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Zabolotskikh I. B., Kirov M.Yu., Lebedinsky K. M., Protsenko D. N., Avdeev S. N., Andreenko A. A., Arsentiev L. V., et al. Anesthesia and intensive care for patients with the new coronavirus infection COVID-19. Instructional guidelines of the All-Russian Public Organization «Federation of Anesthesiologists and Intensive Care Physicians.» Ann Crit Care = Vestnik Intensivnoy Terapii im A. I. Saltanova. 2022; 1: 5–140. (in Russ.). DOI: 10.21320/1818-474X-2022-1-5-140.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit8"><label>8</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Lewis S. R., Baker P. E., Parker R., Smith A. F. High flow nasal cannula for respiratory support in adult intensive care patients. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2021; (3): CD010172. DOI: 10.1002/14651858.CD010172.pub3. PMID: 33661521.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Lewis S. R., Baker P. E., Parker R., Smith A. F. High flow nasal cannula for respiratory support in adult intensive care patients. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2021; (3): CD010172. DOI: 10.1002/14651858.CD010172.pub3. PMID: 33661521.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit9"><label>9</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Ricard J.-D., Roca O., Lemiale V., Corley A., Braunlich J., Jones P., Kang B. J., et al. Use of nasal high-flow oxygen during acute respiratory failure. Intensive Care Med. 2020; 46 (12): 2238–2247. DOI: 10.1007/s00134-020-06228-7. PMID: 32901374.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Ricard J.-D., Roca O., Lemiale V., Corley A., Braunlich J., Jones P., Kang  B.  J., et al. Use of nasal high-flow oxygen during acute respiratory failure. Intensive Care Med. 2020; 46 (12): 2238–2247. DOI: 10.1007/s00134-020-06228-7. PMID: 32901374.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit10"><label>10</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Grieco D. L., Menga L. S., Cesarano M., Rosa T., Spadaro S., Bitondo M. M., Montomoli J., et al. Effect of helmet noninvasive ventilation vs high-flow nasal oxygen on days free of respiratory support in patients with COVID-19 and moderate to severe hypoxemic respiratory failure: the HENIVOT randomized clinical trial. JAMA. 2021; 325 (17): 1731–1743. DOI: 10.1001/jama.2021.4682. PMID: 33764378.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Grieco  D.  L., Menga  L.  S., Cesarano M., Rosa T., Spadaro S., Bitondo  M.  M., Montomoli J., et al. Effect of helmet noninvasive ventilation vs high-flow nasal oxygen on days free of respiratory support in patients with COVID-19 and moderate to severe hypoxemic respiratory failure: the HENIVOT randomized clinical trial. JAMA. 2021; 325 (17): 1731–1743. DOI: 10.1001/jama.2021.4682. PMID: 33764378.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit11"><label>11</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Ospina-Tascón G. A., Calderón-Tapia L. E., García A. F., Zarama V., Gomez-Alvarez F., Alvarez-Saa T., Pardo-Otalvaro S., et al. Effect of high-flow oxygen therapy vs conventional oxygen therapy on invasive mechanical ventilation and clinical recovery in patients with COVID-19: a randomized clinical trial. JAMA. 2021; 326 (21): 2161–2171. DOI: 10.1001/jama.2021.20714. PMID: 34874419.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Ospina-Tascón G. A., Calderón-Tapia L. E., García A. F., ZaramaV., Gomez-Alvarez F., Alvarez-Saa T., Pardo-Otalvaro S., et al. Effect of high-flow oxygen therapy vs conventional oxygen therapy on invasive mechanical ventilation and clinical recovery in patients with COVID-19: a randomized clinical trial. JAMA. 2021; 326 (21): 2161–2171. DOI: 10.1001/jama.2021.20714. PMID: 34874419.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit12"><label>12</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">RECOVERY Collaborative Group, Horby P., Lim W. S., Emberson J. R., Mafham M., Linsell L., Staplin N., et al. Dexamethasone in hospitalized patients with Covid-19. N Engl J Med. 2021; 384 (8): 693–704. DOI: 10.1056/NEJMoa2021436. PMID: 32678530.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">RECOVERY Collaborative Group, Horby P., Lim W. S., Emberson J. R., Mafham M., Linsell L., Staplin N., et al. Dexamethasone in hospitalized patients with Covid-19. N Engl J Med. 2021; 384 (8): 693–704. DOI: 10.1056/NEJMoa2021436. PMID: 32678530.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit13"><label>13</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">WHO Rapid Evidence Appraisal for COVID-19 Therapies (REACT) Working Group, Sterne J. A. C., Murthy S., Diaz J. V., Slutsky A. S., Villar J., Andus D. C., Annane D., et al. Association between administration of systemic corticosteroids and mortality among critically ill patients with COVID-19: a meta-analysis. JAMA. 2020; 324 (13): 1330–1341. DOI: 10.1001/jama.2020.17023. PMID: 32876694.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">WHO Rapid Evidence Appraisal for COVID-19 Therapies (REACT) Working Group, Sterne J. A. C., Murthy S., Diaz J. V., Slutsky A. S., Villar J., Andus D. C., Annane D., et al. Association between administration of systemic corticosteroids and mortality among critically ill patients with COVID-19: a meta-analysis. JAMA. 2020; 324 (13): 1330–1341. DOI: 10.1001/jama.2020.17023. PMID: 32876694.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit14"><label>14</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Временные методические рекомендации «Профилактика, диагностика и лечение новой коронавирусной инфекции» (COVID-19). 2020. metodika_corona26_10_2020.pdf (xn—80aibbnbujvtgm0c.xn—p1ai)</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Temporary methodological recommendations. «Prevention, diagnosis and treatment of new coronavirus infection» (COVID-19). 2020. (in Russ.). metodika_corona26_10_2020.pdf (xn—80aibbnbujvtgm0c.xn—p1ai)</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit15"><label>15</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Ranjbar K., Moghadami M., Mirahmadizadeh A., Fallahi M. J., Khaloo V., Shahriarirad R., Erfani A., et al. Methylprednisolone or dexamethasone, which one is superior corticosteroid in the treatment of hospitalized COVID-19 patients: a triple-blinded randomized controlled trial. BMC Infect Dis. 2021; 21 (1): 337. DOI: 10.1186/s12879-021-06045-3. PMID: 33838657.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Ranjbar K., Moghadami M., Mirahmadizadeh A., Fallahi  M.  J., Khaloo V., Shahriarirad R., Erfani A., et al. Methylprednisolone or dexamethasone, which one is superior corticosteroid in the treatment of hospitalized COVID-19 patients: a triple-blinded randomized controlled trial. BMC Infect Dis. 2021; 21 (1): 337. DOI: 10.1186/s12879-021-06045-3. PMID: 33838657.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit16"><label>16</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Edalatifard M., Akhtari M., Salehi M., Naderi Z., Jamshidi A., Mostafaei S., Najafizadeh S. R., et al. Intravenous methylprednisolone pulse as a treatment for hospitalised severe COVID-19 patients: results from a randomised controlled clinical trial. Eur Respir J. 2020; 56 (6): 2002808. DOI: 10.1183/13993003.02808-2020. PMID: 32943404.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Edalatifard M., Akhtari M., Salehi M., Naderi Z., Jamshidi A., Mostafaei S., Najafizadeh S. R., et al. Intravenous methylprednisolone pulse as a treatment for hospitalised severe COVID-19 patients: results from a randomised controlled clinical trial. Eur Respir J. 2020; 56 (6): 2002808. DOI: 10.1183/13993003.02808-2020. PMID: 32943404.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit17"><label>17</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Pinzón M. A., Ortiz S., Holguin H., Betancur J. F., Arango D. C., Laniado H., Arias C. A., et al. Dexamethasone vs methylprednisolone high dose for Covid-19 pneumonia. PLoS One. 2021; 16 (5): e0256766. DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0252057. PMID: 34033648.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Pinzón  M.  A., Ortiz S., Holguin H., Betancur  J.  F., Arango  D.  C., Laniado H., Arias C. A., et al. Dexamethasone vs methylprednisolone high dose for Covid-19 pneumonia. PLoS One. 2021; 16 (5): e0256766. DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0252057. PMID: 34033648.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit18"><label>18</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">RECOVERY Collaborative Group. Tocilizumab in patients admitted to hospital with COVID-19 (RECOVERY): a randomised, controlled, open-label, platform trial. Lancet. 2021; 397 (10285): 1637–1645. DOI: 10.1016/S0140-6736 (21)00676-0. PMID: 33933206.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">RECOVERY Collaborative Group. Tocilizumab in patients admitted to hospital with COVID-19 (RECOVERY): a randomised, controlled, open-label, platform trial. Lancet. 2021; 397 (10285): 1637–1645. DOI: 10.1016/S0140-6736 (21)00676-0. PMID: 33933206.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit19"><label>19</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">REMAP-CAP Investigators; Gordon A. C., Mouncey P. R., Al-Beidh F., Rowan K. M., Nichol A. D., Arabi Y. M., Annane D., et al. Interleukin-6 receptor antagonists in critically ill patients with COVID-19. N Engl J Med. 2021; 384 (16): 1491–1502. DOI: 10.1056/NEJMoa2100433. PMID: 33631065.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">REMAP-CAP Investigators; Gordon A. C., Mouncey P. R., Al-Beidh F., Rowan K. M., Nichol A. D., Arabi Y. M., Annane D., et al. Interleukin-6 receptor antagonists in critically ill patients with COVID-19. N Engl J Med. 2021; 384 (16): 1491–1502. DOI: 10.1056/NEJMoa2100433. PMID: 33631065.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit20"><label>20</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Lomakin N. V., Bakirov B. A., Protsenko D. N., Mazurov V. I., Musaev G. H., Moiseeva O. M., Pasechnik E. S., et al. The efficacy and safety of levilimab in severely ill COVID-19 patients not requiring mechanical ventilation: results of a multicenter randomized double-blind placebo-controlled phase III CORONA clinical study. Inflamm Res. 2021; 70 (10–12): 1233–1246. DOI: 10.1007/s00011-021-01507-5. PMID: 34586459.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Lomakin  N.  V., Bakirov  B.  A., Protsenko  D.  N., Mazurov  V.  I., Musaev G. H., Moiseeva O. M., Pasechnik E. S., et al. The efficacy and safety of levilimab in severely ill COVID-19 patients not requiring mechanical ventilation: results of a multicenter randomized double-blind placebo-controlled phase III CORONA clinical study. Inflamm Res. 2021; 70 (10–12): 1233–1246. DOI: 10.1007/s00011-021-01507-5. PMID: 34586459.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit21"><label>21</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Гома, Т. В., Калягин, А. Н., Рыжкова, О. В., Соловьева, Н. С. Эффективность применения препарата олокизумаб у пациентов с COVID-19. Acta Biomedica Scientifica. 2022; 7 (5–2): 86–95. DOI: 10.29413/ABS.2022-7.5-2.9.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">GomaT.V., Kalyagin A. N., Ryzhkova O. V., Solovyova N. S. Efficacy of olokizumab in treatment of COVID-19 patients. Acta biomedica scientifica. 2022; 7 (5–2): 86–95. (in Russ.). DOI: 10.29413/ABS.2022-7.5-2.9.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit22"><label>22</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Knight S. R., Ho A., Pius R., Buchan I., Carson G., Drake T. M., Dunning J., et al. Risk stratification of patients admitted to hospital with COVID-19 using the ISARIC WHO Clinical Characterisation Protocol: development and validation of the 4C Mortality Score. BMJ. 2020; 370: m3339. DOI: 10.1136/bmj.m3339. PMID: 32907855.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Knight  S.  R., Ho A., Pius R., Buchan I., Carson G., Drake  T.  M., Dunning J., et al. Risk stratification of patients admitted to hospital with COVID-19 using the ISARIC WHO Clinical Characterisation Protocol: development and validation of the 4C Mortality Score. BMJ. 2020; 370: m3339. DOI: 10.1136/bmj.m3339. PMID: 32907855.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit23"><label>23</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Richardson S., Hirsch J. S., Narasimhan M., James M Crawford J. M., McGinn T., Davidson K. W., the Northwell COVID-19 Research Consortium, et al. Presenting characteristics, comorbidities, and outcomes among 5700 patients hospitalized with COVID-19 in the New York City area. JAMA. 2020; 323 (20): 2052–2059. DOI: 10.1001/jama.2020.6775. PMID: 32320003.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Richardson S., Hirsch J. S., Narasimhan M., James M Crawford J. M., McGinn T., Davidson K. W., the Northwell COVID-19 Research Consortium, et al. Presenting characteristics, comorbidities, and outcomes among 5700 patients hospitalized with COVID-19 in the New York City area. JAMA. 2020; 323 (20): 2052–2059. DOI: 10.1001/jama.2020.6775. PMID: 32320003.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit24"><label>24</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Yan L., Zhang H. T., Goncalves J., Xiao Y., Wang M., Guo Y., Sun C., et al. An interpretable mortality prediction model for COVID-19 patients. Nat Mach Intell. 2020; 2: 283–288. DOI: 10.1038/s42256-020-0180-7.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Yan L., Zhang H. T., Goncalves J., Xiao Y., Wang M., Guo Y., Sun C., et al. An interpretable mortality prediction model for COVID-19 patients. Nat Mach Intell. 2020; 2: 283–288. DOI: 10.1038/s42256-020-0180-7.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit25"><label>25</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Alhazzani W., Møller M. H., Arabi Y. M., Loeb M., Gong M. N., Fan E., Oczkowski S., et al. Surviving Sepsis Campaign: guidelines on the management of critically ill adults with Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19). Intensive Care Med. 2020; 46 (5): 854–887. DOI: 10.1007/s00134-020-06022-5. PMID: 32222812.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Alhazzani W., Møller M. H., Arabi Y. M., Loeb M., Gong M. N., Fan E., Oczkowski S., et al. Surviving Sepsis Campaign: guidelines on the management of critically ill adults with Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19). Intensive Care Med. 2020; 46 (5): 854–887. DOI: 10.1007/s00134-020-06022-5. PMID: 32222812.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit26"><label>26</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">WHO. Corticosteroids for COVID-19: Living guidance. WHO-2019- nCoV-Corticosteroids-2020.1-eng.pdf (poder360.com.br).</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">WHO. Corticosteroids for COVID-19: Living guidance. WHO-2019- nCoV-Corticosteroids-2020.1-eng.pdf (poder360.com.br).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref></ref-list><fn-group><fn fn-type="conflict"><p>The authors declare that there are no conflicts of interest present.</p></fn></fn-group></back></article>
