<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<!DOCTYPE article PUBLIC "-//NLM//DTD JATS (Z39.96) Journal Publishing DTD v1.3 20210610//EN" "JATS-journalpublishing1-3.dtd">
<article article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.3" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xml:lang="ru"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">rmt</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="ru">Общая реаниматология</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>General Reanimatology</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn pub-type="ppub">1813-9779</issn><issn pub-type="epub">2411-7110</issn><publisher><publisher-name>FSBI "SRIGR" RAMS</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.15360/1813-9779-2011-1-48</article-id><article-id custom-type="elpub" pub-id-type="custom">rmt-340</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>ПРАКТИКУЮЩЕМУ ВРАЧУ</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>FOR PRACTIONER</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title>Церебральная оксиметрия для прогнозирования неврологической дисфункции у кардиохирургических пациентов</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Cerebral Oximetry for the Prediction of Neurological Dysfunction in Cardiosurgical Patients</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Шепелюк</surname><given-names>А. Н.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Shepelyuk</surname><given-names>A. N.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><email xlink:type="simple">-</email></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Клыпа</surname><given-names>Т. В.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Klypa</surname><given-names>T. V</given-names></name></name-alternatives><email xlink:type="simple">klypa@hotbox.ru</email></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Никифоров</surname><given-names>Ю. В.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Nikiforov</surname><given-names>Yu. V.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><email xlink:type="simple">-</email></contrib></contrib-group><pub-date pub-type="collection"><year>2011</year></pub-date><pub-date pub-type="epub"><day>20</day><month>02</month><year>2011</year></pub-date><volume>7</volume><issue>1</issue><issue-title>Том VII № 1 2011 г.</issue-title><fpage>48</fpage><lpage>48</lpage><permissions><copyright-statement>Copyright &amp;#x00A9; Шепелюк А.Н., Клыпа Т.В., Никифоров Ю.В., 2011</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2011</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Шепелюк А.Н., Клыпа Т.В., Никифоров Ю.В.</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Shepelyuk A.N., Klypa T.V., Nikiforov Y.V.</copyright-holder><license xml:lang="ru" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>Данная работа распространяется под лицензией Creative Commons Attribution 4.0.</license-p></license><license xml:lang="en" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.</license-p></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://www.reanimatology.com/rmt/article/view/340">https://www.reanimatology.com/rmt/article/view/340</self-uri><abstract><p>Цель исследования — оценить диагностическую значимость церебральной оксиметрии при кардиохирургических операциях и выработать принципы профилактики постперфузионной неврологической дисфункции. Материал и методы. Обследовали 461 пациента, оперированных в условиях ИК. Всем больным проводили мониторинг церебральной оксигенации (ЦО). Анализировали пред-, интра- и послеоперационные данные. Результаты. Выделили 2 группы пациентов — 1-я — со снижением церебральной оксигенации (ЦО) ниже 45% (n=148) во время ИК и 2-я — без снижения ЦО (n=313). Выявили в 1-й группе более низкий уровень гемоглобина и гематокрита до операции, исходно сниженную ЦО с обеих сторон, более частые сопутствующие стенозы брахиоцефальных артерий (БЦА) более 50%, чаще выявляемую дисциркуляторную энцефалопатию (ДЭП) в анамнезе. Выявили отличия уровня гемоглобина и гемато-крита, доставки кислорода и РаСО2 в течение ИК в группах, а также зависимость частоты снижения ЦО от вида кар-диоплегии. Выявили отличия в степени снижения ЦО в группах относительно исходных величин. В послеоперационном периоде проявления энцефалопатии имели место у 24-х (16,3%) пациентов 1-й группы и 12-и (3,8%) — во 2-й группе (р&lt;0,05). У пациентов с послеоперационной ЭП снижение ЦО во время ИК отметили в 66,7%. Заключение. Мониторинг ЦО является целесообразным при операциях с ИК. Снижение ЦО менее 45%, а также снижение ЦО в течение ИК более чем на 20% от исходных значений является достоверным предиктором развития послеоперационной энцефалопатии. В группу риска послеоперационных энцефалопатий отнесли пациентов с предоперационной анемией, сопутствующими стенозами БЦА более 50%, проявлениями ДЭП в анамнезе, а также больных с исходно сниженной ЦО (менее 70%). У данных пациентов следует избегать выраженной гемодилюции и гипокапнии во время ИК, также следует отдавать предпочтение проведению кровяной кардиоплегии. Ключевые слова: искусственное кровообращение, церебральная оксиметрия, неврологическая дисфункция, церебральная оксигенация.</p></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="en"><p>Objective: to study the efficiency of intraoperative transeosophageal echocardiography in the detection of indications for and contraindications to early activation in the operating room after myocardial revascularization under extracorporeal circulation. Subject and methods. One hundred and eighty-six patients aged 55.0±0.6 years were examined. A Sonos Agilent 5500 apparatus and a multipurpose Omni-2 transducer were used for ultrasound study. Left ventricular ejection fraction was determined in the four-chamber (Simpson) and transgastric views (visualization of the left ventricle in cross-section at the level of the papillary muscles). To identify impaired myocardial contractility hindering immediate activation, the authors analyzed the data of examining 142 patients who might undergo tracheal extubation in the operating room. A decreased left ventricular ejection fraction of less than 50% in the transgastric view was considered to be a contraindication to activation. The sensitivity of echocardiography in the differential diagnosis of acute myocardial infarction _ was studied in 44 patients with echocardiographic signs of acute myocardial ischemic lesion. Results. A left ventricular ejection fraction of less than 50% (41.5±2.2%) in the transgastric view was a refusal criterion for immediate patient activation. This group of patients, as compared with those having a left ventricular ejection fraction of 60.1±1.7%, had a longer duration of inotropic therapy (45.2±2.1 and 13±1.1 hrs; p&lt;0.05) and a more prolonged length of postoperative intensive care unit stay (36.2±1.7 and 18.8±0.75 hrs; p&lt;0.05). The correlation coefficient between the left ventricular ejection fraction at the end of surgery and the duration of inotropic therapy was 0.51 (p&lt;0.0001) and that with an intensive care unit stay was 0.48 (p=0.00018). Among the patients with electrocardiographic signs of acute myocardial ischemic lesion, ultrasound study did not confirm the diagnosis in 65.9% of cases, which allowed early activation to be performed without complications. Acute akinesis of the left ventricular walls in 93.8% was a sign of acute myocardial infarction verified later on by X-ray contrast and laboratory studies. Conclusion. Transeosophageal echocardiographic monitoring is a highly effective diagnostic technique that can detect patients with left ventricular systolic dysfunction and verify acute ischemia and infarction of the myocardium, which substantially increases the safety of patient activation in the operating room after myocardial revascularization. Key words: ultrasound monitoring, transeosophageal echocardiography, early tracheal extubation, early activation of cardiosurgical patients, myocardial revascularization, aortocoronary bypass surgery.</p></trans-abstract></article-meta></front><back><ref-list><title>References</title><ref id="cit1"><label>1</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Hogue C. W., Palin C. A., ArrowsmithJ. E.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Hogue C. W., Palin C. A., ArrowsmithJ. E.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit2"><label>2</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Roach G. W., Kanchuger M., Mangano C. M. et. al.Adverse cerebral outcomes after coronary bypass surgery. N. Engl. J. Med. 1996; 335 (25): 1857—1863.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Roach G. W., Kanchuger M., Mangano C. M. et. al.Adverse cerebral outcomes after coronary bypass surgery. N. Engl. J. Med. 1996; 335 (25): 1857—1863.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit3"><label>3</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Utley J.Techniques for avoiding neurologic injury during adult cardiac surgery. J. Cardiothorac. Vasc. Anesth. 1996; 10 (1): 38—44.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Utley J.Techniques for avoiding neurologic injury during adult cardiac surgery. J. Cardiothorac. Vasc. Anesth. 1996; 10 (1): 38—44.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit4"><label>4</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Arrowsmith J. E., GrocottН., Reves J. G., Newman M. F.Central nervous system complications of cardiac surgery. Вг. J. Anaesth. 2000; 84 (3): 378—393.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Arrowsmith J. E., GrocottН., Reves J. G., Newman M. F.Central nervous system complications of cardiac surgery. Вг. J. Anaesth. 2000; 84 (3): 378—393.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit5"><label>5</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Murphy G. S., Hessel E. A. 2nd, Groom R. C.Optimal perfusion during cardiopulmonary bypass: An evidence-based approach. Anaesth. Analg. 2009; 108 (5): 1374—1417.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Murphy G. S., Hessel E. A. 2nd, Groom R. C.Optimal perfusion during cardiopulmonary bypass: An evidence-based approach. Anaesth. Analg. 2009; 108 (5): 1374—1417.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit6"><label>6</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Plestis K. A., Gold J. P.Importance of blood pressure regulation in maintaining adequate tissue perfusion during cardiopulmonary bypass. Semin. Thorac. Cardiovasc. Surg. 2001; 13 (2): 170—175.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Plestis K. A., Gold J. P.Importance of blood pressure regulation in maintaining adequate tissue perfusion during cardiopulmonary bypass. Semin. Thorac. Cardiovasc. Surg. 2001; 13 (2): 170—175.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit7"><label>7</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Иванов С. В.Психические расстройства, связанные с хирургическими вмешательствами на открытом сердце. Психиатрия и психофармакотерапия 2005; 7 (3): 4—8.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Иванов С. В.Психические расстройства, связанные с хирургическими вмешательствами на открытом сердце. Психиатрия и психофармакотерапия 2005; 7 (3): 4—8.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit8"><label>8</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Nussmeier N. A.Adverse neurologic events: risks of intracardiac versus extracardiac surgery. J. Cardiothorac. Vasc. Anesth. 1996; 10 (1): 31—37.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Nussmeier N. A.Adverse neurologic events: risks of intracardiac versus extracardiac surgery. J. Cardiothorac. Vasc. Anesth. 1996; 10 (1): 31—37.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit9"><label>9</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Selnes O. A., Zeger S. L.Coronary artery bypass grafting baseline cognitive assessment: essential not optional. Ann. Thorac. Surg. 2007; 83 (2): 374—376.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Selnes O. A., Zeger S. L.Coronary artery bypass grafting baseline cognitive assessment: essential not optional. Ann. Thorac. Surg. 2007; 83 (2): 374—376.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit10"><label>10</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Kadoi Y.Pharmacological neuroprotection during cardiac surgery. Asian Cardiovasc. Thorac. Ann. 2007; 15 (2): 167—177.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Kadoi Y.Pharmacological neuroprotection during cardiac surgery. Asian Cardiovasc. Thorac. Ann. 2007; 15 (2): 167—177.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit11"><label>11</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Murkin J. M., Adams S. J., Novick R. J. et al.Monitoring brain oxygen saturation during coronary bypass surgery: a randomized, prospective study. Anesth. Analg. 2007; 104 (1): 51—58.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Murkin J. M., Adams S. J., Novick R. J. et al.Monitoring brain oxygen saturation during coronary bypass surgery: a randomized, prospective study. Anesth. Analg. 2007; 104 (1): 51—58.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit12"><label>12</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Newman M. F., Grocott H. P., Mathew J. P. et al.Report of the substudy assessing the impact of neurocognitive function on quality of life 5 years after cardiac surgery. Stroke 2001; 32 (12): 2874—2881.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Newman M. F., Grocott H. P., Mathew J. P. et al.Report of the substudy assessing the impact of neurocognitive function on quality of life 5 years after cardiac surgery. Stroke 2001; 32 (12): 2874—2881.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit13"><label>13</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Kurth C. D., Steven J. L., Montenegro L. M. et al.Cerebral oxygen saturation before congenital heart surgery. Ann. Thorac. Surg. 2001; 72 (1): 187—192.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Kurth C. D., Steven J. L., Montenegro L. M. et al.Cerebral oxygen saturation before congenital heart surgery. Ann. Thorac. Surg. 2001; 72 (1): 187—192.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit14"><label>14</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Paciaroni M., Silvestrelli G., Caso V. et al.Neurovascular territory involved in different etiological subtypes of ischemic stroke in the Perugia stroke registry. Eur. J. Neurol. 2003; 10 (4): 361—365.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Paciaroni M., Silvestrelli G., Caso V. et al.Neurovascular territory involved in different etiological subtypes of ischemic stroke in the Perugia stroke registry. Eur. J. Neurol. 2003; 10 (4): 361—365.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit15"><label>15</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Gottesman R. F., Sherman P. M., Grega M. A. et al.Watershed stroke after cardiac surgery — diagnosis, etiology and outcome. Stroke 2006; 37 (9): 2306—2311.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Gottesman R. F., Sherman P. M., Grega M. A. et al.Watershed stroke after cardiac surgery — diagnosis, etiology and outcome. Stroke 2006; 37 (9): 2306—2311.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit16"><label>16</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Wolman R. L., Nussmeier N. A., Aggarwal A. et al.Cerebral injury after cardiac surgery: identification of a group at extraordinary risk. Stroke 1999; 30 (3): 514—522.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Wolman R. L., Nussmeier N. A., Aggarwal A. et al.Cerebral injury after cardiac surgery: identification of a group at extraordinary risk. Stroke 1999; 30 (3): 514—522.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit17"><label>17</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Murkin J. M.Preoperative detection of brain oxygenation and clinical outcomes in cardiac surgery. Semin. Cardiothorac. Vasc. Anesth. 2004; 8 (1): 13—14.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Murkin J. M.Preoperative detection of brain oxygenation and clinical outcomes in cardiac surgery. Semin. Cardiothorac. Vasc. Anesth. 2004; 8 (1): 13—14.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit18"><label>18</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Newman M. F., Kirchner J. L., Phillips-Bute B. et al.Longitudinal assessment of neurocognitive function after coronary-artery bypass surgery. N. Engl. J. Med. 2001; 344 (6): 395—402.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Newman M. F., Kirchner J. L., Phillips-Bute B. et al.Longitudinal assessment of neurocognitive function after coronary-artery bypass surgery. N. Engl. J. Med. 2001; 344 (6): 395—402.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit19"><label>19</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Murkin J. M., Iglesias I., Bainbridge D. et. al.Brain oxygenation in diabetic patients during coronary surgery: A randomized prospective blinded study. Anesth. Analg. 2005; 100: SCA1-SCA116.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Murkin J. M., Iglesias I., Bainbridge D. et. al.Brain oxygenation in diabetic patients during coronary surgery: A randomized prospective blinded study. Anesth. Analg. 2005; 100: SCA1-SCA116.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit20"><label>20</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Ferrari M., Mottola L., Quaresima V.Principles, techniques, and limitations of near infrared spectroscopy. Can. J. Appl. Physiol. 2004; 29 (4): 463—487.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Ferrari M., Mottola L., Quaresima V.Principles, techniques, and limitations of near infrared spectroscopy. Can. J. Appl. Physiol. 2004; 29 (4): 463—487.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit21"><label>21</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">MacLeod D. B., Ikeda K., Keifer J. C. et al.Validation of the CAS adult serebral oximeter during hypoxia in healthy volunteers. Anesth. Analg. 2006; 102: S162.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">MacLeod D. B., Ikeda K., Keifer J. C. et al.Validation of the CAS adult serebral oximeter during hypoxia in healthy volunteers. Anesth. Analg. 2006; 102: S162.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit22"><label>22</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Edmonds H. L.Detection and treatment of cerebral hypoxia key to avoiding intraoperative brain injuries. Circulation 1999; 14 (3): 25—36.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Edmonds H. L.Detection and treatment of cerebral hypoxia key to avoiding intraoperative brain injuries. Circulation 1999; 14 (3): 25—36.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit23"><label>23</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Moraca R., Lin E., Holmes J. H. 4th et al.Impaired baseline regional cerebral perfusion in patients refered for coronary artery bypass. J. Thorac. Cardiovasc. Surg. 2006; 131 (3): 540—546.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Moraca R., Lin E., Holmes J. H. 4th et al.Impaired baseline regional cerebral perfusion in patients refered for coronary artery bypass. J. Thorac. Cardiovasc. Surg. 2006; 131 (3): 540—546.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit24"><label>24</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Yoshitani K., Kawaguchi M., Miura N. et al.Effects of hemoglobin concentration, skull thickness, and the area of the cerebrospinal fluid layer on near-infrared spectroscopy measurements. Anesthesiology 2007;106 (3): 458—462.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Yoshitani K., Kawaguchi M., Miura N. et al.Effects of hemoglobin concentration, skull thickness, and the area of the cerebrospinal fluid layer on near-infrared spectroscopy measurements. Anesthesiology 2007;106 (3): 458—462.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit25"><label>25</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Rankin J. M., Silbert P. L., Ydava O. P. et al.Mechanism of stroke complicating cardiopulmonary bypass surgery. Aust. N. Z. J. Med. 1994; 24 (2): 154—160.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Rankin J. M., Silbert P. L., Ydava O. P. et al.Mechanism of stroke complicating cardiopulmonary bypass surgery. Aust. N. Z. J. Med. 1994; 24 (2): 154—160.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit26"><label>26</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Светлова Н. Ю.Патофизиология повреждения мозга при операциях с искусственным кровообращением. Анестезиология и реаниматология 2006; 3: 24—27.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Светлова Н. Ю.Патофизиология повреждения мозга при операциях с искусственным кровообращением. Анестезиология и реаниматология 2006; 3: 24—27.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit27"><label>27</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Мороз В. В., Корниенко А. Н., Мозалёв А. С. и соавт.Проблема повреждения головного мозга при кардиохирургических вмешатель-</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Мороз В. В., Корниенко А. Н., Мозалёв А. С. и соавт.Проблема повреждения головного мозга при кардиохирургических вмешатель-</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit28"><label>28</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">ствах в условиях искусственного кровообращения. Общая реаниматология 2008; IV (4): 16—20.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">ствах в условиях искусственного кровообращения. Общая реаниматология 2008; IV (4): 16—20.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit29"><label>29</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Madsen P. L., Secher N. H.Near-infrared oximetry of the brain. Prog. Neurobiol. 1999; 58 (6): 541—560.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Madsen P. L., Secher N. H.Near-infrared oximetry of the brain. Prog. Neurobiol. 1999; 58 (6): 541—560.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit30"><label>30</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Yao F. S., Tseng C. C., Ho C. Y. et al.Cerebral oxygen desaturation is associated with early postoperative neuropsychological dysfunction in patients undergoing cardiac surgery. J. Cardiothorac. Vasc. Anesth. 2004; 18 (5): 552—558.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Yao F. S., Tseng C. C., Ho C. Y. et al.Cerebral oxygen desaturation is associated with early postoperative neuropsychological dysfunction in patients undergoing cardiac surgery. J. Cardiothorac. Vasc. Anesth. 2004; 18 (5): 552—558.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit31"><label>31</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Orihashi K., Sueda T., Okada K., Imai K.Near-infrared spectoscopy for monitoring cerebral ischema during selective cerebral perfusion. Eur. J. Cardiothorac. Surg. 2004; 26 (5): 907—911.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Orihashi K., Sueda T., Okada K., Imai K.Near-infrared spectoscopy for monitoring cerebral ischema during selective cerebral perfusion. Eur. J. Cardiothorac. Surg. 2004; 26 (5): 907—911.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref></ref-list><fn-group><fn fn-type="conflict"><p>The authors declare that there are no conflicts of interest present.</p></fn></fn-group></back></article>
