<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<!DOCTYPE article PUBLIC "-//NLM//DTD JATS (Z39.96) Journal Publishing DTD v1.3 20210610//EN" "JATS-journalpublishing1-3.dtd">
<article article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.3" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xml:lang="ru"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">rmt</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="ru">Общая реаниматология</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>General Reanimatology</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn pub-type="ppub">1813-9779</issn><issn pub-type="epub">2411-7110</issn><publisher><publisher-name>FSBI "SRIGR" RAMS</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.15360/1813-9779-2009-4-38</article-id><article-id custom-type="elpub" pub-id-type="custom">rmt-552</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>ФУНДАМЕНТАЛЬНЫЕ ОСНОВЫ АНЕСТЕЗИОЛОГИИ-РЕАНИМАТОЛОГИИ</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>FUNDAMENTALS OF ANESTHESIOLOGY AND REANIMATOLOGY</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title>Ксенон как компонент анестезиологического пособия для ранней активизации больных после реваскуляризации миокарда</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Xenon as a Component of Anesthetic Maintenance for Early Activation of Patients after Myocardial Revascularization</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Дзыбинская</surname><given-names>Е. В.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Dzybinskaya</surname><given-names>Ye. V.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><email xlink:type="simple">-</email></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Степанова</surname><given-names>О. В.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Stepanova</surname><given-names>O. V.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><email xlink:type="simple">-</email></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Козлов</surname><given-names>И. А.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Kozlov</surname><given-names>I. A.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><email xlink:type="simple">iakozlov@mail.ru</email></contrib></contrib-group><pub-date pub-type="collection"><year>2009</year></pub-date><pub-date pub-type="epub"><day>20</day><month>08</month><year>2009</year></pub-date><volume>5</volume><issue>4</issue><issue-title>Том V № 4 2009 г.</issue-title><fpage>38</fpage><lpage>38</lpage><permissions><copyright-statement>Copyright &amp;#x00A9; Дзыбинская Е.В., Степанова О.В., Козлов И.А., 2009</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2009</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Дзыбинская Е.В., Степанова О.В., Козлов И.А.</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Dzybinskaya Y.V., Stepanova O.V., Kozlov I.A.</copyright-holder><license xml:lang="ru" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>Данная работа распространяется под лицензией Creative Commons Attribution 4.0.</license-p></license><license xml:lang="en" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.</license-p></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://www.reanimatology.com/rmt/article/view/552">https://www.reanimatology.com/rmt/article/view/552</self-uri><abstract><p>Цель исследования — выполнить комплексный анализ эффективности ксенона в качестве основного агента для поддержания анестезии при ранней активизации больных, оперированных с искусственным кровообращением по поводу ише-мической болезни сердца. Материал и методы. Обследовали 42 больных в возрасте 59±3 лет. Шунтировали 3±0,2 коронарных артерий. Индукцию общей анестезии и ее поддержание во время искусственного кровообращения обеспечивали пропофолом и фентанилом. В предперфузионный и постперфузионный периоды анестезию поддерживали ингаляцией ксенона. В 10 наблюдениях общую анестезию сочетали с высокой (Th3—Th4) эпидуральной анестезией. Результаты исследования. На фоне ингаляции ксенона показатели центральной гемодинамики были максимально стабильными как до, так и после искусственного кровообращения. Условия для коронарной перфузии, оцениваемые по значениям коронарных перфузионных градиентов, были стабильны. Изучение условий для коронарной перфузии и показателя потребности миокарда в кислороде показало сохранение баланса между ними (r=0,55—0,83; р&lt;0,05). При использовании эпидуральной анестезии, как компонента пособия, отметили 2-кратное учащение (р&lt;0,05) назначения симпатомиметических препаратов. Уменьшение Pa02 после начала ингаляции ксенона и, соответственно, снижения Fi02 не сочеталось с ухудшением отношения Pa02/Fi02 и приростом степени внутрилегочного шунтирования крови, изменений показателей кислородотранспортной функции крови не было. Пробуждение больных происходило через 9±1,2 мин после прекращения подачи ксенона и не ускорялось при использовании эпидуральной анестезии. Последняя позволила уменьшить ингалируемую концентрацию ксенона с 59,2±0,5 до 51,5±0,5% (р&lt;0,05), а дозировку фентанила — с 2,9±0,15 до 2,1±0,26 мкг/кг/ч (р&lt;0,05). Заключение. Использование ксенона как базисного анестетика имеет перспективы при ранней активизации после операций реваскуляризации миокарда в условиях искусственного кровообращения. Преимуществом ксенона является отсутствие негативных влияний на центральную гемодинамику и условия для коронарной перфузии у больных ишемической болезнью сердца. Этот вариант пособия обеспечивает не только эффективную анестезиологическую защиту, но и пробуждение больных в интервале от 3 до 25 мин после окончания операций, что позволяет выполнить раннюю активизацию в операционной в более чем 90% наблюдений. Ключевые слова: ксенон, ксеноновая анестезия, ранняя активизация после операций с искусственным кровообращением, анестезия у больных ишемической болезнью сердца.</p></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="en"><p>Objective: to make a complex analysis of the efficacy of xenon as the major agent in maintaining anesthesia during early activation of patients operated on under extracorporeal circulation for coronary heart disease. Subjects and methods. Forty-two patients aged 59±3 years were examined. A total of 3±0.2 coronary arteries were shunted. General anesthesia was induced and maintained by propofol and fentanyl under extracorporeal circulation. Anesthesia was maintained by xenon inhalation in the preperfusion and postperfusion periods. General anesthesia was combined with high (Th3—Th4) epidural anesthesia in 10 cases. Results. During xenon inhalation, the central hemodynamic parameters were maximally steady-state both before and after extracorporeal circulation. The coronary perfusion conditions estimated from the coronary perfusion gradients were stable. The study of the conditions for coronary perfusion and the values of myocardial demand showed the persistence of their balance (r=0.55—0.83; p&lt;0.05). With the use of epidural anesthesia as a component of maintenance, there was a two-fold increase (p&lt;0.05) in the use of sympathomimetic agents. Lower Pa02 after initiation of xenon inhalation and, accordingly, decreased Fi02 were not associated with worse Pa02/Fi02 and increased intrapulmonary blood shunting; there were no changes in blood oxygen-transport function. Emergence from anesthesia occurred 9±1.2 min after the termination of xenon delivery and failed to be accelerated when epidural anesthesia was applied. The latter could reduce the inhaled concentration of xenon from 59.2±0.5 to 51.5±0.5% (p&lt;0.05) and the dosage of fentanyl from 2.9±0.15 to 2.1±0.26 ^g/kg/hr &lt;p&lt;0.°5). The use of xenon as a basic anesthetic has prospects during early activation after myocardial revascularization under extracorporeal circulation. The advantage of xenon is the absence of negative effects on central hemodynamics and the presence of conditions for coronary perfusion in patients with coronary heart disease. This mode of maintenance provides not only an effective anesthetic protection, but also emergence from anesthesia in the range of 3 to 25 minutes after the end of operations, which allows one to make an early activation in the operating suite in more than 90% of cases. Key words: xenon, xenon anesthesia, early activation after surgery under extracorporeal circulation, anesthesia in patients with coronary heart disease.</p></trans-abstract></article-meta></front><back><ref-list><title>References</title><ref id="cit1"><label>1</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Буров Н. Е., Иванов Г. Г., Остапченко Д. А. и соавт.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Буров Н. Е., Иванов Г. Г., Остапченко Д. А. и соавт.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit2"><label>2</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Буров Н. Е., Потапов В. Н., Макеев Г. Н.Ксенон в анестезиологии. Клинико-экспериментальные исследования. М.: Пульс; 2000.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Буров Н. Е., Потапов В. Н., Макеев Г. Н.Ксенон в анестезиологии. Клинико-экспериментальные исследования. М.: Пульс; 2000.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit3"><label>3</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Hecker K. E., Horn N., BaumertJ.H. et al.Minimum alveolar concentration (MAC) of xenon in intubated swine. Br. J. Anaesth. 2004; 92 (3): 421—424.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Hecker K. E., Horn N., BaumertJ.H. et al.Minimum alveolar concentration (MAC) of xenon in intubated swine. Br. J. Anaesth. 2004; 92 (3): 421—424.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit4"><label>4</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Hettrick D. A., Pagel P. S., Kersten J. R. et al.Cardiovascular effects of xenon in isoflurane-anesthetized dogs with dilated cardiomyopathy. Anesthesiology 1998; 89 (5): 1166—1173.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Hettrick D. A., Pagel P. S., Kersten J. R. et al.Cardiovascular effects of xenon in isoflurane-anesthetized dogs with dilated cardiomyopathy. Anesthesiology 1998; 89 (5): 1166—1173.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit5"><label>5</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Preckel B, Schlack W.Editoril III: xenon — cardiovascularly inert? Br. J. Anaesth. 2004; 92 (6): 786—789.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Preckel B, Schlack W.Editoril III: xenon — cardiovascularly inert? Br. J. Anaesth. 2004; 92 (6): 786—789.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit6"><label>6</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Preckel B, Schlack W., Heibel T., Rutten H.Xenon produces minimal haemodynamic effects in rabbit with chronically compromised left ventricular function. Br. J. Anaesth. 2002; 88 (2): 264—269.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Preckel B, Schlack W., Heibel T., Rutten H.Xenon produces minimal haemodynamic effects in rabbit with chronically compromised left ventricular function. Br. J. Anaesth. 2002; 88 (2): 264—269.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit7"><label>7</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Schmidt M., Marx T., Schirmer U. et al.Neuroprotective effects of xenon: a new agent for cardiac anaesthesia and intensive care medicine. Eighth meeting of Association for low flow anaesthesia. San Sebastian, 2004, session 3. Internet:www.Alfanaes.freeserve.co.uk/session043-1.htm</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Schmidt M., Marx T., Schirmer U. et al.Neuroprotective effects of xenon: a new agent for cardiac anaesthesia and intensive care medicine. Eighth meeting of Association for low flow anaesthesia. San Sebastian, 2004, session 3. Internet:www.Alfanaes.freeserve.co.uk/session043-1.htm</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit8"><label>8</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Wappler F., Rossaint R., BaumertJ. et al.Multicenter randomized comparison of xenon and isoflurane on left ventricular function in patients undergoing elective surgery. Anesthesiology 2007; 106 (3): 463—471.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Wappler F., Rossaint R., BaumertJ. et al.Multicenter randomized comparison of xenon and isoflurane on left ventricular function in patients undergoing elective surgery. Anesthesiology 2007; 106 (3): 463—471.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit9"><label>9</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Лазарев Н. В.Благородные газы. В кн: Вредные вещества в промышленности. М.: Химия; 1977. 7—</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Лазарев Н. В.Благородные газы. В кн: Вредные вещества в промышленности. М.: Химия; 1977. 7—</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit10"><label>10</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Cullen S. C., Gross E. G.The anesthetic properties of xenon in animals and human beings with additional observations on krypton. Science 1951; 113 (2942): 580—582.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Cullen S. C., Gross E. G.The anesthetic properties of xenon in animals and human beings with additional observations on krypton. Science 1951; 113 (2942): 580—582.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit11"><label>11</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Буачидзе Л. Н., Смольников В. П.Наркоз ксеноном у человека. Вестн. АМН СССР 1962; 8: 22—25.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Буачидзе Л. Н., Смольников В. П.Наркоз ксеноном у человека. Вестн. АМН СССР 1962; 8: 22—25.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit12"><label>12</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Козлов И. А., Хубутия А. Ш., Воронин С. В. и др.Первый опыт анестезии ксеноном при операциях с искусственным кровообращением (ИК). Тезисы 7-й ежегодной сессии НЦССХ им. А. Н. Бакулева РАМН. Бюллетень НЦсСх им. А. Н. Бакулева РАМН. Сердечнососудистые заболевания 2003; 4 (6): 125.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Козлов И. А., Хубутия А. Ш., Воронин С. В. и др.Первый опыт анестезии ксеноном при операциях с искусственным кровообращением (ИК). Тезисы 7-й ежегодной сессии НЦССХ им. А. Н. Бакулева РАМН. Бюллетень НЦсСх им. А. Н. Бакулева РАМН. Сердечнососудистые заболевания 2003; 4 (6): 125.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit13"><label>13</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Baumert J. H., Falter F., Eletr D. et al.Xenon anaesthesia may preserve cardiovascular function in patients with heart failure. Acta Anaesthesiol. Scand. 2005; 49 (6): 743—749.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Baumert J. H., Falter F., Eletr D. et al.Xenon anaesthesia may preserve cardiovascular function in patients with heart failure. Acta Anaesthesiol. Scand. 2005; 49 (6): 743—749.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit14"><label>14</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Hofland J., Gultuna I., Tenbrinck R.Xenon anaesthesia for laparoscopic cholecystectomy in a patient with Eisenmenge&amp;#8217;s syndrome. Br. J. Anaesth. 2001; 86 (6): 882—886.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Hofland J., Gultuna I., Tenbrinck R.Xenon anaesthesia for laparoscopic cholecystectomy in a patient with Eisenmenge&amp;#8217;s syndrome. Br. J. Anaesth. 2001; 86 (6): 882—886.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit15"><label>15</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">GotoТ., Hanne P., Ishiguro Y. et al.Cardiovascular effects of xenon and nitrous oxide in patients during fentanyl-midazolam anaesthesia. Anaesthesia 2004; 59 (12): 1178—1183.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">GotoТ., Hanne P., Ishiguro Y. et al.Cardiovascular effects of xenon and nitrous oxide in patients during fentanyl-midazolam anaesthesia. Anaesthesia 2004; 59 (12): 1178—1183.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit16"><label>16</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Lockwood G. G., Franks N. P., Downie N. A. et al.Feasibility and safety of delivering xenon to patients undergoing coronary artery bypass graft surgery while on cardiopulmonary bypass: Phase I Study. Anesthesiology 2006; 104 (3): 458—465.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Lockwood G. G., Franks N. P., Downie N. A. et al.Feasibility and safety of delivering xenon to patients undergoing coronary artery bypass graft surgery while on cardiopulmonary bypass: Phase I Study. Anesthesiology 2006; 104 (3): 458—465.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit17"><label>17</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Кожевников В. А., Сандриков В. А., Федулова С. В. и др.Динамика мозгового кровотока у больных ишемической болезнью сердца во время комбинированной ксеноновой анестезии при операциях ре-васкуляризации миокарда. Анестезиология и реаниматология 2006; 5: 25—28.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Кожевников В. А., Сандриков В. А., Федулова С. В. и др.Динамика мозгового кровотока у больных ишемической болезнью сердца во время комбинированной ксеноновой анестезии при операциях ре-васкуляризации миокарда. Анестезиология и реаниматология 2006; 5: 25—28.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit18"><label>18</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Руденко М. И., Пасько В. Г., Таубаев Б. М., Стец В. В.Опыт применения ксеноновой анестезии в главном военном госпитале им. акад. Н. Н.Бурденко. Клин. анестезиология и реаниматология 2006; 5: 58—64.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Руденко М. И., Пасько В. Г., Таубаев Б. М., Стец В. В.Опыт применения ксеноновой анестезии в главном военном госпитале им. акад. Н. Н.Бурденко. Клин. анестезиология и реаниматология 2006; 5: 58—64.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit19"><label>19</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Dingley J., Findlay G. P., Foex B. A. et al.A closed xenon anesthesia delivery system. Anesthesiology 2001; 94 (1): 173—176.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Dingley J., Findlay G. P., Foex B. A. et al.A closed xenon anesthesia delivery system. Anesthesiology 2001; 94 (1): 173—176.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit20"><label>20</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Wilhelm S., Ma D., Maze M. B., Franks N.Effects of xenon on in vitro and in vivo models of neuronal injury. Anesthesiology 2002; 96 (6): 1485—1491.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Wilhelm S., Ma D., Maze M. B., Franks N.Effects of xenon on in vitro and in vivo models of neuronal injury. Anesthesiology 2002; 96 (6): 1485—1491.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit21"><label>21</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Ma D., Yang H., Lynch J. et al.Xenon attenuates cardiopulmonary bypass-induced neurologic and neurocognitive dysfunction in the rat. Anesthesiology 2003; 98 (3): 690—698.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Ma D., Yang H., Lynch J. et al.Xenon attenuates cardiopulmonary bypass-induced neurologic and neurocognitive dysfunction in the rat. Anesthesiology 2003; 98 (3): 690—698.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit22"><label>22</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Picker O., Schindler A. W., Schwarte L. A. et al.Xenon increases total body oxygen consumption during isoflurane anaesthesia in dogs. Br. J. Anaesth. 2002; 88 (4): 546—554.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Picker O., Schindler A. W., Schwarte L. A. et al.Xenon increases total body oxygen consumption during isoflurane anaesthesia in dogs. Br. J. Anaesth. 2002; 88 (4): 546—554.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit23"><label>23</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Stowe D. F., Rehmert G. C., Kwok W. M. et al.Xenon does not alter cardiac function or major cation currents in isolated guinea pig hearts or myocytes. Anesthesiology 2000; 92 (2): 516—522.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Stowe D. F., Rehmert G. C., Kwok W. M. et al.Xenon does not alter cardiac function or major cation currents in isolated guinea pig hearts or myocytes. Anesthesiology 2000; 92 (2): 516—522.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit24"><label>24</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Weber N. C., Toma O., Wolter J. I. et al.The noble gas xenon induces pharmacological preconditioning in the rat heart in vivo via induction of PKC- and p38 MAPK. Br. J. Pharmacol. 2005; 144 (1): 123—132.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Weber N. C., Toma O., Wolter J. I. et al.The noble gas xenon induces pharmacological preconditioning in the rat heart in vivo via induction of PKC- and p38 MAPK. Br. J. Pharmacol. 2005; 144 (1): 123—132.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit25"><label>25</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Calzia E., Stahl W., Handschuh T. et al.Continuous arterial pO2and pCO2measurements in swine during nitrous oxide and xenon elimination: prevention of diffusion hypoxia. Anesthesiology 1999; 90 (3): 829—834.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Calzia E., Stahl W., Handschuh T. et al.Continuous arterial pO2and pCO2measurements in swine during nitrous oxide and xenon elimination: prevention of diffusion hypoxia. Anesthesiology 1999; 90 (3): 829—834.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit26"><label>26</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Chaney M. A.Epidural techniques for adult cardiac surgery. In: Regional anesthesia for cardiothoracic surgery. Chaney M. A. (ed.). Lippincott Williams &amp; Wilkins; 2002. 59—81.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Chaney M. A.Epidural techniques for adult cardiac surgery. In: Regional anesthesia for cardiothoracic surgery. Chaney M. A. (ed.). Lippincott Williams &amp; Wilkins; 2002. 59—81.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit27"><label>27</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Horlocker T. T.Complications of spinal and epidural anesthesia. Anesthesiol. Clin. North Amer. 2000; 18 (2): 461—485.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Horlocker T. T.Complications of spinal and epidural anesthesia. Anesthesiol. Clin. North Amer. 2000; 18 (2): 461—485.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit28"><label>28</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Kratz C. D., Schirmer U., Weiss S. et al.Thoracic epidural anaesthesia as a part of a fast track concept for cardiac surgery. Appl. cardiopulmonary pathophysiol. 2007; 11 (1): 17—20.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Kratz C. D., Schirmer U., Weiss S. et al.Thoracic epidural anaesthesia as a part of a fast track concept for cardiac surgery. Appl. cardiopulmonary pathophysiol. 2007; 11 (1): 17—20.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref></ref-list><fn-group><fn fn-type="conflict"><p>The authors declare that there are no conflicts of interest present.</p></fn></fn-group></back></article>
