Inotropes and Vasopressors Use in Critical Care and Perioperative Medicine: Evidence-Based Approach (Review)

Inotropes and vasopressors are frequently required in critically ill patients and in patients undergoing major surgery. Several molecules are currently available, including catecholamines, phosphodiesterase-3 inhibitors, vasopressin and its analogues, and calcium sensitizers.

We will review current evidence on inotropes use in perioperative and critically ill patients, with focus on most recent randomized controlled trials (RCTs).

Despite being widely used in anesthesia and intensive care, evidences on safety and efficacy of inotropes are scarce. Data from observational studies suggest that inotropes administration may increase mortality in cardiac surgery, acute heart failure, and cardiogenic shock patients. However, randomized controlled trials did not confirm these findings in acute care settings.

Epinephrine has been associated with increased mortality especially in cardiogenic shock, but randomized trials failed to show evidence of increased mortality associated with epinephrine use. Norepinephrine has been traditionally considered contraindicated in patients with ventricular dysfunction, but recent trials suggested hemodynamic effects similar to epinephrine in patients with cardiogenic shock. Dopamine has no additional advantages over norepinephrine and increases the risk of tachyarrhythmias and may increase mortality in cardiogenic shock. Phosphodiesterase-3 (PDE-3) inhibitors are equivalent to catecholamines in terms of major outcomes. Levosimendan is the most investigated inotrope of the last 30 years, but despite promising early studies, high-quality multicenter RCTs repeatedly failed to show any superiority over available agents. There is no highquality RCT clearly demonstrating superiority of one agent over another. In summary, current evidence suggest that the choice of inotrope is unlikely to affect outcome, as long as the target hemodynamic goals are achieved.

Finally, in recent years, mechanical circulatory support (MCS) has become increasingly popular. Thanks to improvement in technology, the safety and biocompatibility of devices are constantly growing. MCS devices have theoretical advantages over inotropes, but their use is limited by costs, availability, and invasiveness.

Conclusion. Future studies should investigate safety, efficacy, and cost-effectiveness of primary MCS versus primary inotropes in patients with acute cardiovascular failure.

1. Algarni K.D., Maganti M., Yau T.M. Predictors of low cardiac output syndrome after isolated coronary artery bypass surgery: trends over 20 years. Ann Thorac Surg. 2011;92(5):1678-1684. DOI:10.1016/J.ATHORACSUR.2011.06.017 PMID: 21939957

2. Maganti M., Badiwala M., Sheikh A., Scully H., Feindel C., David T.E., Rao V. Predictors of low cardiac output syndrome after isolated mitral valve surgery. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg. 2010;140(4):790-796. DOI:10.1016/j.jtcvs.2009.11.022 PMID: 20152992

3. Maganti M.D., Rao V., Borger M.A., Ivanov J., David T.E. Predictors of low cardiac output syndrome after isolated aortic valve surgery. Circulation. 2005;112(9 Suppl): 1448-52. DOI:10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.104.526087 PMID: 16159861

4. Lomivorotov V.V., Efremov S.M., Kirov M.Y., Fominskiy E.V., Karaskov A.M. Low-cardiac output syndrome after cardiac surgery. J Cardiothorac Vasc Anesth. 2017;31(1):291-308. DOI:10.1053/J.JVCA.2016.05.029. PMID: 27671216

5. Zangrillo A., Lomivorotov V.V., Pisano A,. Calabrò M.G., Belletti A., Brazzi L., Grigoryev E.V., Guarracino F., Monaco F., Garofalo E., Crivellari M., Likhvantsev V.V., Fominskiy E.V., Paternoster G., Yavorovskiy A., Pasyuga V.V., Oriani A., Lembo R., Bianchi A., Scandroglio A.M., Abubakirov M..N, Di Tomasso N., Landoni G., CHEETAH Study Group. Long-term outcome of perioperative low cardiac output syndrome in cardiac surgery: 1-year results of a multicenter randomized trial. J Crit Care. 2020;58:89-95. DOI:10.1016/j.jcrc.2020.04.005. PMID: 32402931

6. Schoemaker W.C., Appel P.L., Kram H.B. Tissue oxygen debt as a determinant of lethal and nonlethal postoperative organ failure. Crit Care Med. 1988;16(11):1117-1120. DOI:10.1097/00003246-198811000-00007 PMID: 3168504

7. Fellahi J.L., Fischer M.O., Daccache G., Gerard J.L., Hanouz J.L. Positive inotropic agents in myocardial ischemia-reperfusion injury: a benefit/risk analysis. Anesthesiology. 2013;118(6):1460-1465. DOI:10.1097/ALN.0B013E31828F4FC3 PMID: 23511607

8. Francis G.S., Bartos J.A., Adatya S. Inotropes. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2014;63(20):2069-2078. DOI:10.1016/J.JACC.2014.01.016 PMID: 24530672

9. Thiele R.H., Nemergut E.C., Lynch C. The physiologic implications of isolated alpha(1) adrenergic stimulation. Anesth Analg. 2011;113(2):284-296. DOI:10.1213/ANE.0B013E3182124C0E PMID: 21519050

10. Thiele R.H., Nemergut E.C., Lynch C. The clinical implications of isolated alpha(1) adrenergic stimulation. Anesth Analg. 2011;113(2):297-304. DOI: 10.1213/ANE.0b013e3182120ca5. PMID: 21519053

11. Gillies M., Bellomo R., Doolan L., Buxton B. Bench-to-bedside review: Inotropic drug therapy after adult cardiac surgery -- a systematic literature review. Crit Care. 2005;9(3):266-279. DOI:10.1186/CC3024 PMID: 15987381

12. Overgaard C.B., Dzavík V. Inotropes and vasopressors: review of physiology and clinical use in cardiovascular disease. Circulation. 2008;118:1047-1056. DOI:10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.107.728840 PMID: 18765387

13. Bangash M.N., Kong M.L., Pearse R.M. Use of inotropes and vasopressor agents in critically ill patients. Br J Pharmacol. 2012;165(7):2015-2033. DOI:10.1111/J.1476-5381.2011.01588.X PMID: 21740415

14. Jentzer J.C., Coons J.C., Link C.B., Schmidhofer M. Pharmacotherapy update on the use of vasopressors and inotropes in the intensive care u nit. J Cardiovasc Pharmacol Ther. 2015;20(3):249-260. DOI:10.1177/1074248414559838 PMID: 25432872

15. Annane D., Ouanes-Besbes L., de Backer D., Bin D.U., Gordon A.C., Hernández G., Olsen K.M., Osborn T.M., Peake S., Russell J.A., Cavazzoni S.Z. A global perspective on vasoactive agents in shock. Intensive Care Med. 2018;44(6):833-846. DOI:10.1007/S00134-018-5242-5 PMID: 29868972

16. Maack C., Eschenhagen T., Hamdani N., Heinzel F.R., Lyon A.R., Manstein D.J., Metzger J., Papp Z., Tocchetti C.G., Yilmaz M.B., Anker S.D., Balligand J.L., Bauersachs J., Brutsaert D., Carrier L., Chlopicki S., Cleland J.G., de Boer R.A., Dietl A., Fischmeister R., Harjola V-P., Heymans S., Hilfiker-Kleiner D., Holzmeister J., de Keulenaer G., Limongelli G., Linke W.A., Lund L.H., Masip J., Metra M., Mueller C., Pieske B., Ponikowski P., Ristić A., Ruschitzka F., Seferović P.M., Skouri H., Zimmermann W.H., Mebazaa A. . Treatments targeting inotropy. Eur Heart J. 2019;40(44):3626-3644. DOI:10.1093/eurheartj/ehy600 PMID: 30295807

17. Papp Z., Édes I., Fruhwald S., De Hert S.G., Salmenperä M., Leppikangas H., Mebazaa A., Landoni G., Grossini E., Caimmi P., Morelli A., Guarracino F., Schwinger R.H.G., Meyer S., Algotsson L., Wikström G., Jörgensen K., Filippatos G., Parissis J.T., González M.J.G., Parkhomenko A., Yilmaz M.B., Kivikko M., Pollesello P., Follath F. Levosimendan: molecular mechanisms and clinical implications: consensus of experts on the mechanisms of action of levosimendan. Int J Cardiol. 2012;159(2):82-87. DOI:10.1016/J.IJCARD.2011.07.022. PMID: 21784540

18. Nieminen M.S., Fruhwald S., Heunks L.M.A., Suominen P.K., Gordon A.C., Kivikko M., Pollesello P. Levosimendan: current data, clinical use and future development. Hear Lung Vessel. 2013;5(4):227-245. PMID: 24364017

19. Arrigo M., Mebazaa A. Understanding the differences among inotropes. Intensive Care Med. 2015;41(5):912-915. DOI:10.1007/S00134-015-3659-7. PMID: 26077086

20. Schmittinger C.A., Torgersen C., Luckner G., Schröder D.C.H., Lorenz I., Dünser M.W. Adverse cardiac events during catecholamine vasopressor therapy: a prospective observational study. Intensive Care Med. 2012;38(6):950-958. DOI:10.1007/S00134-012-2531-2. PMID: 22527060

21. Anantasit N., Boyd J.H., Walley K.R., Russell J.A. Serious adverse events associated with vasopressin and norepinephrine infusion in septic shock. Crit Care Med. 2014;42(8):1812-1820. DOI:10.1097/CCM.0000000000000333. PMID: 24919159

22. Andreis D.T., Singer M. Catecholamines for inflammatory shock: a Jekyll-and-Hyde conundrum. Intensive Care Med. 2016;42(9):1387-1397. DOI:10.1007/s00134-016-4249 PMID: 26873833

23. Dünser M.W., Hasibeder W.R. Sympathetic overstimulation during critical illness: adverse effects of adrenergic stress. J Intensive Care Med. 2009;24(5):293-316. DOI:10.1177/0885066609340519 PMID: 19703817

24. Belletti A., Landoni G., Lomivorotov V.V., Oriani A., Ajello S. Adrenergic downregulation in critical care: molecular mechanisms and therapeutic evidence. J Cardiothorac Vasc Anesth. 2020;34(4):1023-1041. DOI:10.1053/j.jvca.2019.10.017 PMID: 31839459

25. Freestone P.P., Hirst R.A., Sandrini S.M, Sharaff F., Fry H., Hyman S., O'Callaghan C . Pseudomonas aeruginosa-catecholamine inotrope interactions: a contributory factor in the development of ventilator-associated pneumonia? Chest. 2012;142(5):1200-1210. DOI:10.1378/CHEST.11-2614 PMID: 22556319

26. Rona G. Catecholamine cardiotoxicity. J Mol Cell Cardiol. 1985;17(4):291-306. DOI:10.1016/S0022-2828(85)80130-9 PMID: 3894676

27. Singh K., Xiao L., Remondino A., Sawyer D.B., Colucci W.S. Adrenergic regulation of cardiac myocyte apoptosis. J Cell Physiol. 2001;189(3):257-265. DOI:10.1002/jcp.10024

28. Felker G.M., Benza R.L., Chandler A.B., Leimberger J.D., Cuffe M.S., Califf R.M., Gheorghiade M., O'Connor C.M. Heart failure etiology and response to milrinone in decompensated heart failure: results from the OPTIME-CHF study. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2003;41(6):997-1003. DOI:10.1016/S0735-1097(02)02968-6 PMID: 12651048

29. Packer M., Carver J.R., Rodeheffer R.J., Ivanhoe R.J., DiBianco R., Zeldis S.M., Hendrix G.H., Bommer W.J., Elkayam U., Kukin M.L.. Effect of oral milrinone on mortality in severe chronic heart failure. The PROMISE Study Research Group. N Engl J Med. 1991;325(21):1468-1475. DOI:10.1056/NEJM199111213252103 PMID: 1944425

30. Xamoterol in severe heart failure. The xamoterol in severe heart failure study group. Lancet. 1990;336(8706):1-6. DOI:10.1016/0140-6736(90)91517-E

31. Cohn J.N., Goldstein S.O., Greenberg B.H., Lorell B.H., Bourge R.C., Jaski B.E., Gottlieb S.O., McGrew 3rd F., DeMets D.L., White B.G. A dose-dependent increase in mortality with vesnarinone among patients with severe heart failure. Vesnarinone trial investigators. N Engl J Med. 1998;339(25):1810-1816. DOI:10.1056/NEJM199812173392503 PMID: 9854116

32. The effect of digoxin on mortality and morbidity in patients with heart failure. Digitalis Investigation Group. N Engl J Med. 1997;336(8):525-533. DOI:10.1056/NEJM199702203360801. PMID: 9036306

33. Abraham W.T., Adams K.F., Fonarow G.C., Costanzo M.R., Berkowitz R.L., LeJemtel T.H., Cheng M.L., Wynne J. ADHERE Study Group. In-hospital mortality in patients with acute decompensated heart failure requiring intravenous vasoactive medications: an analysis from the Acute Decompensated Heart Failure National Registry (ADHERE). J Am Coll Cardiol. 2005;46(1):57-64. DOI:10.1016/j.jacc.2005.03.051 PMID: 15992636

34. Mebazaa A., Parissis J., Porcher R., Gayat E., Nikolaou M., Boas F.V., Delgado J.F., Follath F. Short-term survival by treatment among patients hospitalized with acute heart failure: the global ALARM-HF registry using propensity scoring methods. Intensive Care Med. 2011;37(2):290-301. DOI:10.1007/S00134-010-2073-4 PMID: 21086112

35. Mortara A., Oliva F., Metra M., Carbonieri E., Di Lenarda A., Gorini M., Midi P., Senni M., Urso R., Lucci D., Maggioni A.P., Tavazzi L. Treatment with inotropes and related prognosis in acute heart failure: contemporary data from the Italian Network on Heart Failure (IN-HF) Outcome registry. J Heart Lung Transplant. 2014;33(10):1056-1065. DOI:10.1016/J.HEALUN.2014.05.015 PMID: 25049067

36. O’Connor C.M., Gattis W.A., Uretsky B.F., Adams K.F. Jr, McNulty S.E., Grossman S.H., McKenna W.J., Zannad F., Swedberg K., Gheorghiade M., Califf R.M. Continuous intravenous dobutamine is associated with an increased risk of death in patients with advanced heart failure: insights from the Flolan International Randomized Survival Trial (FIRST). Am Heart J. 1999;138(1 Pt 1):78-86. DOI:10.1016/S0002-8703(99)70250-4 PMID: 10385768

37. Costanzo M.R., Johannes R.S., Pine M., Gupta V., Saltzberg M., Hay J., Yancy C.W., Fonarow G.C. The safety of intravenous diuretics alone versus diuretics plus parenteral vasoactive therapies in hospitalized patients with acutely decompensated heart failure: a propensity score and instrumental variable analysis using the Acutely Decompensated Heart Failure National Registry (ADHERE) database. Am Heart J. 2007;154(2):267-77. DOI:10.1016/j.ahj.2007.04.033 PMID: 17643575

38. Rossinen J., Harjola V.P., Siirila-Waris K., Lassus J., Melin J., Peuhkurinen K., Nieminen M.S. The use of more than one inotrope in acute heart failure is associated with increased mortality: a multi-centre observational study. Acute Card Care. 2008;10(4):209-213. DOI:10.1080/17482940802262376. PMID: 18720087

39. Kalogeropoulos A.P., Marti C.N., Georgiopoulou V.V., Butler J. Inotrope use and outcomes among patients hospitalized for heart failure: impact of systolic blood pressure, cardiac index, and etiology. J Card Fail. 2014;20(8):593-601. DOI:10.1016/J.CARDFAIL.2014.05.006. PMID: 24879975

40. Thackray S., Easthaugh J., Freemantle N., Cleland J.G.F. The effectiveness and relative effectiveness of intravenous inotropic drugs acting through the adrenergic pathway in patients with heart failure-a meta-regression analysis. Eur J Heart Fail. 2002;4(4):515-529. DOI:10.1016/S1388-9842(02)00041-7. PMID: 12167393

41. Tacon C.L., McCaffrey J., Delaney A. Dobutamine for patients with severe heart failure: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomised controlled trials. Intensive Care Med. 2012;38(3):359-367. DOI:10.1007/S00134-011-2435-6. PMID: 22160239

42. Fellahi J.L., Parienti J.J., Hanouz J.L., Plaud B., Riou B., Ouattara A. Perioperative use of dobutamine in cardiac surgery and adverse cardiac outcome: propensity-adjusted analyses. Anesthesiology. 2008;108(6):979-987. DOI:10.1097/ALN.0B013E318173026F PMID: 18497597

43. Shahin J., deVarennes B., Tse C.W., Amarica D.A., Dial S. The relationship between inotrope exposure, six-hour postoperative physiological variables, hospital mortality and renal dysfunction in patients undergoing cardiac surgery. Crit Care. 2011;15(4):R162. DOI:10.1186/CC10302. PMID: 21736726

44. Nielsen D.V., Hansen M.K., Johnsen S.P., Hansen M., Hindsholm K., Jakobsen .CJ. Health outcomes with and without use of inotropic therapy in cardiac surgery: results of a propensity score-matched analysis. Anesthesiology. 2014;120(5):1098-1108. DOI:10.1097/ALN.0000000000000224. PMID: 24614322

45. Wilkman E., Kaukonen K.M., Pettilä V., Kuitunen A., Varpula M. Association between inotrope treatment and 90-day mortality in patients with septic shock. Acta Anaesthesiol Scand. 2013;57(4):431-442. DOI:10.1111/AAS.12056. PMID: 23298252

46. Williams J.B., Hernandez A.F., Li S., Dokholyan R.S., O'Brien S.M., Smith P.K., Ferguson T.B., Peterson E.D. Postoperative inotrope and vasopressor use following CABG: outcome data from the CAPS-care study. J Card Surg. 2011;26(6):572-578. DOI:10.1111/j.1540-8191.2011.01301.x PMID: 21951076

47. Belletti A., Castro M.L., Silvetti S., Greco T., Biondi-Zoccai G., Pasin L., Zangrillo A., Landoni G. The effect of inotropes and vasopressors on mortality: a meta-analysis of randomized clinical trials. Br J Anaesth. 2015;115(5):656-675. DOI:10.1093/bja/aev284

48. Denault A.Y., Deschamps A., Couture P. Intraoperative hemodynamic instability during and after separation from cardiopulmonary bypass. Semin Cardiothorac Vasc Anesth. 2010;14(3):165-182. DOI:10.1177/1089253210376673. PMID: 20656747

49. Nielsen D.V., Johnsen S.P., Madsen M., Jakobsen C-J. Variation in use of peroperative inotropic support therapy in cardiac surgery: time for reflection? Acta Anaesthesiol Scand. 2011;55(3):352-358. DOI:10.1111/J.1399-6576.2010.02382.X. PMID: 21288219

50. Hernandez A.F., Li S., Dokholyan R.S., O’Brien S.M., Ferguson T.B., Peterson E.D. Variation in perioperative vasoactive therapy in cardiovascular surgical care: Data from the Society of Thoracic Surgeons. Am Heart J. 2009;158(1):47-52. DOI:10.1016/j.ahj.2009.05.014 PMID: 19540391

51. Mebazaa A., Pitsis A.A., Rudiger A., Toller W., Longrois D., Ricksten S-E., Bobek I., De Hert S., Wieselthaler G., Schirmer U., von Segesser L.K., Sander M., Poldermans D., Ranucci M., Karpati P.C.J., Wouters P., Seeberger M., Schmid E.R., Weder W., Follath F. Clinical review: practical recommendations on the management of perioperative heart failure in cardiac surgery. Crit Care. 2010;14(2):201. DOI:10.1186/CC8153. PMID: 20497611

52. Monaco F., Di Prima A.L., Kim J.H., Plamondon M-J., Yavorovskiy A., Likhvantsev V., Lomivorotov V., Hajjar L.A., Landoni G., Riha H., Farag A.M.G., Gazivoda G., Silva F.S., Lei C., Bradic N., El-Tahan M.R., Bukamal N.A.R., Sun L., Wang C.Y. Management of challenging cardiopulmonary bypass separation. J Cardiothorac Vasc Anesth. 2020;34(6):1622-1635. DOI:10.1053/J.JVCA.2020.02.038. PMID: 32276758

53. St. André A.C., DelRossi A. Hemodynamic management of patients in the first 24 hours after cardiac surgery. Crit Care Med. 2005;33(9):2082-2093. DOI:10.1097/01.CCM.0000178355.96817.81. PMID: 16148484

54. Licker M., Diaper J., Cartier V, Ellenberger C, Cikirikcioglu M, Kalangos A, Cassina T, Bendjelid K. Clinical review: management of weaning from cardiopulmonary bypass after cardiac surgery. Ann Card Anaesth. 2012;15(3):206-223. DOI:10.4103/0971-9784.97977. PMID: 22772515

55. Toller W., Heringlake M., Guarracino F., Algotsson L., Alvarez J., Argyriadou H., Ben-Gal T., Černý V., Cholley B., Eremenko A., Guerrero-Orriach J.L., Järvelä K., Karanovic N., Kivikko M., Lahtinen P., Lomivorotov V., Mehta R.H., Mušič Š., Pollesello P., Rex S., Riha H., Rudiger A., Salmenperä M., Szudi L., Tritapepe L., Wyncoll D., Öwall A. Preoperative and perioperative use of levosimendan in cardiac surgery: European expert opinion. Int J Cardiol. 2015;184(1):323-336. DOI:10.1016/J.IJCARD.2015.02.022. PMID: 25734940

56. Mehta R.H., Leimberger J.D., van Diepen S., Meza J., Wang A., Jankowich R., Harrison R.W., Hay D., Fremes S., Duncan A., Soltesz E.G., Luber J., Park S., Argenziano M., Murphy E., Marcel R., Kalavrouziotis D., Nagpal D., Bozinovski J., Toller W., Heringlake M., Goodman S.G., Levy J.H., Harrington R.A., Anstrom K.J., Alexander J.H. Levosimendan in patients with left ventricular dysfunction undergoing cardiac surgery. N Engl J Med. 2017;376(21):2032-2042. DOI:10.1056/nejmoa1616218. PMID: 28316276

57. Landoni G., Lomivorotov V.V., Alvaro G., Lobreglio R., Pisano A., Guarracino F., Calabrò M.G., Grigoryev E.V., Likhvantsev V.V., Salgado-Filho M.F., Bianchi A., Pasyuga V.V., Baiocchi M., Pappalardo F., Monaco F., Boboshko V.A., Abubakirov M.N., Amantea B., Lembo R., Brazzi L., Verniero L., Bertini P., Scandroglio A.M., Bove T., Belletti A., Michienzi M.G., Shukevich D.L., Zabelina T.S., Bellomo R., Zangrillo A. Levosimendan for hemodynamic support after cardiac surgery. N Engl J Med. 2017;376(21);2021-2031. DOI:10.1056/NEJMoa1616325 PMID: 28320259

58. Cholley B., Caruba T., Grosjean S., Amour J., Ouattara A., Villacorta J., Miguet B., Guinet P., Lévy F., Squara P., Hamou N.A., Carillion N., Boyer J., Boughenou M-F., Rosier S., Robin E., Radutoiu M., Durand M., Guidon C., Desebbe O., Charles-Nelson A., Menasché P., Rozec B., Girard C., Fellahi J-L., Pirracchio R., Chatellier G.. Effect of levosimendan on low cardiac output syndrome in patients with low ejection fraction undergoing coronary artery bypass grafting with cardiopulmonary bypass: the LICORN randomized clinical trial. JAMA. 2017;318(6):548-556. doi:10.1001/JAMA.2017.9973 PMID: 28787507

59. DiSesa V.J. The rational selection of inotropic drugs in cardiac surgery. J Card Surg. 1987;2(3):385-406. DOI:10.1111/J.1540-8191.1987.TB00197.X PMID: 2979988

60. Butterworth J. Selecting an inotrope for the cardiac surgery patient. J Cardiothorac Vasc Anesth. 1993;7(4 Suppl 2):26-32. DOI:10.1016/1053-0770(93)90094-2

61. Stephens R.S., Whitman G.J.R. Postoperative critical care of the adult cardiac surgical patient. Part I: routine postoperative care. Crit Care Med. 2015;43(7):1477-1497. DOI:10.1097/CCM.0000000000001059. PMID: 25962078

62. Stephens R.S., Whitman G.J.R. Postoperative critical care of the adult cardiac surgical patient: Part II: procedure-specific considerations, management of complications, and quality improvement. Crit Care Med. 2015;43(9):1995-2014. DOI:10.1097/CCM.0000000000001171. PMID: 26136101

63. Greco T., Calabrò M.G., Covello R.D., Greco M., Pasin L., Morelli A., Landoni G., Zangrillo A. A Bayesian network meta-analysis on the effect of inodilatory agents on mortality. Br J Anaesth. 2015;114(5):746-756. DOI:10.1093/BJA/AEU446. PMID: 25652947

64. Ushio M., Egi M., Wakabayashi J., Nishimura T., Miyatake Y., Obata N., Mizobuchi S. Impact of milrinone administration in adult cardiac surgery patients: updated meta-analysis. J Cardiothorac Vasc Anesth. 2016;30(6):1454-1460. doi:10.1053/J.JVCA.2016.07.027 PMID: 27720291

65. Majure D.T., Greco T., Greco M., Ponschab M., Biondi-Zoccai G., Zangrillo A., Landoni G. Meta-analysis of randomized trials of effect of milrinone on mortality in cardiac surgery: an update. J Cardiothorac Vasc Anesth. 2013;27(2):220-229. DOI:10.1053/j.jvca.2012.08.005. PMID: 23063100

66. Evans L., Rhodes A., Alhazzani W., Antonelli A., Coopersmith C.M., French C., Machado F.R., Mcintyre L., Ostermann M., Prescott H.C., Schorr C., Simpson S., Wiersinga W.J., Alshamsi F., Angus D.C., Arabi Y., Azevedo L., Beale R., Beilman G., Belley-Cote E., Burry L., Cecconi M., Centofanti J., Yataco A.C., De Waele J., Dellinger R.P., Doi K., Du B., Estenssoro E., Ferrer R., Gomersall C., Hodgson C., Møller M.H., Iwashyna T., Jacob S., Kleinpell R., Klompas M., Koh Y., Kumar A., Kwizera A., Lobo S., Masur H., McGloughlin S., Mehta S., Mehta Y., Mer M., Nunnally M., Oczkowski S., Osborn T., Papathanassoglou E., Perner A., Puskarich M., Roberts J., Schweickert W., Seckel M., Sevransky J., Sprung C.L., Welte T., Zimmerman J., Levy M. Surviving sepsis campaign: international guidelines for management of sepsis and septic shock 2021. Crit Care Med. 2021;49(11):e1063-e1143. DOI:10.1097/CCM.0000000000005337. PMID: 34605781

67. De Backer D., Biston P., Devriendt J., Madl C., Chochrad D., Aldecoa C., Brasseur A., Defrance P., Gottignies P., Vincent J-L. Comparison of dopamine and norepinephrine in the treatment of shock. N Engl J Med. 2010;362(9):779-789. DOI:10.1056/NEJMOA0907118. PMID: 20200382

68. Russell J.A., Walley K.R., Singer J., Gordon A.C., Hébert P.C., Cooper D.J., Holmes C.L., Mehta S., Granton J.T., Storms M.M., Cook D.J., Presneill J.J., Ayers D. Vasopressin versus norepinephrine infusion in patients with septic shock. N Engl J Med. 2008;358(9):877-887. DOI:10.1056/NEJMOA067373. PMID: 18305265

69. Annane D., Vignon P., Renault A., Bollaert P-E., Charpentier C., Martin C., Troché G., Ricard J-D., Nitenberg G., Papazian L., Azoulay E., Bellissant E. Norepinephrine plus dobutamine versus epinephrine alone for management of septic shock: a randomised trial. Lancet. 2007;370(9588):676-684. DOI:10.1016/S0140-6736(07)61344-0. PMID: 17720019

70. Liu Z.M., Chen J., Kou Q., Lin Q., Huang X., Tang Z., Kang Y., Li K., Zhou L., Song Q., Sun T., Zhao L., Wang X., He X., Wang C., Wu B., Lin J., Yuan S., Gu Q., Qian K., Shi X., Feng Y., Lin A., He X. Terlipressin versus norepinephrine as infusion in patients with septic shock: a multicentre, randomised, double-blinded trial. Intensive Care Med. 2018;44(11):1816-1825. DOI:10.1007/S00134-018-5267-9. PMID: 29971593

71. Gordon A.C., Mason A.J., Thirunavukkarasu N., Perkins G.D., Cecconi M., Cepkova M., Pogson D.G., Aya H.D., Anjum A., Frazier G.J., Santhakumaran S., Ashby D., Brett S.J. Effect of early vasopressin vs norepinephrine on kidney failure in patients with septic shock: the VANISH randomized clinical trial. JAMA. 2016;316(5):509-518. DOI:10.1001/JAMA.2016.10485. PMID: 27483065

72. Hajjar L.A., Zambolim C., Belletti A., de Almeida J.P., Gordon A.C., Oliveira G., Park C.H.L., Fukushima J.T., Rizk S.I., Szeles T.F., Neto N.C.D., Filho R.K., Galas F.R.B., Landoni G.. Vasopressin versus norepinephrine for the management of septic shock in cancer patients: the VANCS II randomized clinical trial. Crit Care Med. 2019;47(12):1743-1750. DOI:10.1097/CCM.0000000000004023. PMID: 31609774

73. Vincent J-L., De Backer D. Circulatory shock. N Engl J Med. 2013;369(18):1726-1734. DOI:10.1056/NEJMra1208943. PMID: 24171518

74. Antonucci E., Fiaccadori E., Donadello K., Taccone F.S., Franchi F., Scolletta S. Myocardial depression in sepsis: from pathogenesis to clinical manifestations and treatment. J Crit Care. 2014;29(4):500-511. DOI:10.1016/J.JCRC.2014.03.028. PMID: 24794044

75. Romero-Bermejo F.J., Ruiz-Bailen M., Gil-Cebrian J., Huertos-Ranchal M.J. Sepsis-induced cardiomyopathy. Curr Cardiol Rev. 2011;7(3):163-183. DOI:10.2174/157340311798220494. PMID: 22758615

76. Zhou F., Mao Z., Zeng X., Kang H., Liu H., Pan L., Hou P.C. Vasopressors in septic shock: a systematic review and network meta-analysis. Ther Clin Risk Manag. 2015;11:1047-1059. DOI:10.2147/TCRM.S80060. PMID: 26203253

77. Oba Y., Lone N.A. Mortality benefit of vasopressor and inotropic agents in septic shock: a Bayesian network meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. J Crit Care. 2014;29(5):706-710. DOI:10.1016/J.JCRC.2014.04.011. PMID: 24857641

78. Belletti A., Benedetto U., Biondi-Zoccai G., Leggieri C., Silvani P., Angelini G.D., Zangrillo A., Landoni G. The effect of vasoactive drugs on mortality in patients with severe sepsis and septic shock. A network meta-analysis of randomized trials. J Crit Care. 2017;37:91-98. DOI:10.1016/j.jcrc.2016.08.010. PMID: 27660923

79. Schmoelz M., Schelling G., Dunker M., Irlbeck M. Comparison of systemic and renal effects of dopexamine and dopamine in norepinephrine-treated septic shock. J Cardiothorac Vasc Anesth. 2006;20(2):173-178. DOI:10.1053/J.JVCA.2005.10.016. PMID: 16616656

80. Orme R.M.L., Perkins G.D., McAuley D.F., Liu K.D., Mason A.J., Morelli A., Singer M., Ashby D., Gordon A.C. An efficacy and mechanism evaluation study of Levosimendan for the Prevention of Acute oRgan Dysfunction in Sepsis (LeoPARDS): protocol for a randomized controlled trial. Trials. 2014;15:199. DOI:10.1186/1745-6215-15-199. PMID: 24894386

81. Gordon A.C., Perkins G.D., Singer M., McAuley D.F., Orme R.M.L., Santhakumaran S., Mason A.J., Cross M., Al-Beidh F., Best-Lane J., Brealey D., Nutt C.L., McNamee J.J., Reschreiter H., Breen A., Liu K.D., Ashby D. Levosimendan for the prevention of acute organ dysfunction in sepsis. N Engl J Med. 2016;375(17):1638-1648. DOI:10.1056/NEJMOA1609409. PMID: 27705084

82. Asfar P., Meziani F., Hamel J-F., Grelon F., Megarbane B., Anguel N., Mira J-P., Dequin P-F., Gergaud S., Weiss N., Legay F., Le Tulzo Y., Conrad M., Robert R., Gonzalez F., Guitton C., Tamion F., Tonnelier J-M., Guezennec P., Van Der Linden T., Vieillard-Baron A., Mariotte E., Pradel G., Lesieur O., Ricard J-D., Hervé F., du Cheyron D., Guerin C., Mercat A., Teboul J-L., Radermacher P.High versus low blood-pressure target in patients with septic shock. N Engl J Med. 2014;370(17):1583-1593. DOI:10.1056/NEJMOA1312173

83. Lamontagne F., Richards-Belle A., Thomas K., Harrison D.A., Sadique M.Z., Grieve R.D., Camsooksai J., Darnell R., Gordon A.C., Henry D., Hudson N., Mason A.J., Saull M,. Whitman C., Young J.D., Rowan K.M., Mouncey P.R.. Effect of reduced exposure to vasopressors on 90-day mortality in older critically ill patients with vasodilatory hypotension: a randomized clinical trial. JAMA. 2020;323(10):938-949. DOI:10.1001/JAMA.2020.0930. PMID: 32049269

84. Oliva F., Mortara A., Cacciatore G,. Chinaglia A., Di Lenarda A., Gorini M., Metra M., Senni M., Maggioni A.P., Tavazzi L. Acute heart failure patient profiles, management and in-hospital outcome: results of the Italian Registry on Heart Failure Outcome. Eur J Heart Fail. 2012;14(11):1208-1217. DOI:10.1093/EURJHF/HFS117. PMID: 22833614

85. Follath F., Cleland J.G.F., Just H., Papp J.G.Y., Scholz H., Peuhkurinen K., Harjola V.P., Mitrovic V., Abdalla M., Sandell E-P., Lehtonen L.. Efficacy and safety of intravenous levosimendan compared with dobutamine in severe low-output heart failure (the LIDO study): a randomised double-blind trial. Lancet. 2002;360(9328):196-202. DOI:10.1016/S0140-6736(02)09455-2. PMID: 12133653

86. Moiseyev V.S., Põder P., Andrejevs N., Ruda M.Y., Golikov A.P., Lazebnik L.B., Kobalava Z.D., Lehtonen L.A., Laine T., Nieminen M.S., Lie K.I. Safety and efficacy of a novel calcium sensitizer, levosimendan, in patients with left ventricular failure due to an acute myocardial infarction. A randomized, placebo-controlled, double-blind study (RUSSLAN). Eur Heart J. 2002;23(18):1422-1432. DOI:10.1053/EUHJ.2001.3158. PMID: 12208222

87. Packer M., Colucci W., Fisher L., Massie B.M., Teerlink J.R., Young J., Padley R.J., Thakkar R., Delgado-Herrera L., Salon J., Garratt C., Huang B., Sarapohja T. Effect of levosimendan on the short-term clinical course of patients with acutely decompensated heart failure. JACC Heart Fail. 2013;1(2):103-111. DOI:10.1016/J.JCHF.2012.12.004. PMID: 24621834

88. Mebazaa A., Nieminen M.S., Packer M., Cohen-Solal A., Kleber F.X., Pocock S.J., Thakkar R., Padley R.J., Põder P., Kivikko M. Levosimendan vs dobutamine for patients with acute decompensated heart failure: the SURVIVE randomized trial. JAMA. 2007;297(17):1883-1891. DOI:10.1001/JAMA.297.17.1883. PMID: 17473298

89. Slawsky M.T., Colucci W.S., Gottlieb S.S., Greenberg B.H., Haeusslein E., Hare J., Hutchins S., Leier C.V., Le Jemtel T.H., Loh E., Nicklas J., Ogilby D., Singh B.N., Smith W. Acute hemodynamic and clinical effects of levosimendan in patients with severe heart failure. Study investigators. Circulation. 2000;102(18):2222-2227. DOI:10.1161/01.CIR.102.18.2222. PMID: 11056096

90. Cuffe M.S., Califf R.M., Adams K.F. Jr, Benza R., Bourge R., Colucci W.S., Massie B.M., O'Connor C.M., Pina I., Quigg R., Silver M.A., Gheorghiade M. Short-term intravenous milrinone for acute exacerbation of chronic heart failure: a randomized controlled trial. JAMA. 2002;287(12):1541-1547. DOI:10.1001/JAMA.287.12.1541. PMID: 11911756

91. Pirracchio R., Parenica J., Rigon M.R., Chevret S., Spinar J., Jarkovsky J., Zannad F., Alla F., Mebazaa A. The effectiveness of inodilators in reducing short term mortality among patients with severe cardiogenic shock: a propensity-based analysis. PLoS One. 2013;8(8):e71659. DOI:10.1371/journal.pone.0071659. PMID: 23977106

92. Jessen M.K., Vallentin M.F., Holmberg M.J., Bolther M., Hansen F.B., Holst J.M., Magnussen A., Hansen N.S., Johannsen C.M., Enevoldsen J., Jensen T.H., Roessler L.L., Lind P.C., Klitholm M.P., Eggertsen M.A., Caap P., Boye C., Dabrowski K.M., Vormfenne L., Høybye M., Henriksen J., Karlsson C.M., Balleby I.R., Rasmussen M.S., Pælestik K., Granfeldt A., Andersen L.W. Goal-directed haemodynamic therapy during general anaesthesia for noncardiac surgery: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Br J Anaesth.2022;128(3):416-433. DOI:10.1016/J.BJA.2021.10.046. PMID: 34916049.

93. Brienza N., Biancofiore G., Cavaliere F., Corcione A., De Gasperi A., De Rosa R.C., Fumagalli R., Giglio M.T., Locatelli A, Lorini F.L., Romagnoli S., Scolletta S., Tritapepe L. Clinical guidelines for perioperative hemodynamic management of non cardiac surgical adult patients. Minerva Anestesiol. 2019;85(12):1315-1333. DOI:10.23736/S0375-9393.19.13584-5. PMID: 31213042

94. Giglio M., Biancofiore G., Corriero A., Romagnoli S., Tritapepe L., Brienza N., Puntillo F. Perioperative goal-directed therapy and postoperative complications in different kind of surgical procedures: an updated meta-analysis. J Anesth Analg Crit Care . 2021;1(1):26. DOI:10.1186/S44158-021-00026-3

95. Hamilton M.A., Cecconi M., Rhodes A. A systematic review and meta-analysis on the use of preemptive hemodynamic intervention to improve postoperative outcomes in moderate and high-risk surgical patients. Anesth Analg. 2011;112(6):1392-1402. DOI:10.1213/ANE.0B013E3181EEAAE5. PMID: 20966436

96. Cecconi M., Corredor C., Arulkumaran N., Abuella G., Ball G., Grounds R.M., Hamilton M., Rhodes A. Clinical review: goal-directed therapy-what is the evidence in surgical patients? The effect on different risk groups. Crit Care . 2013;17(2):209. doi:10.1186/CC11823. PMID: 23672779

97. Pearse R.M., Harrison D.A., MacDonald N., Gillies M.A., Blunt M., Ackland G., Grocott M.P.W., Ahern A., Griggs K., Scott R., Hinds C., Rowan K. Effect of a perioperative, cardiac output-guided hemodynamic therapy algorithm on outcomes following major gastrointestinal surgery: a randomized clinical trial and systematic review. JAMA. 2014;311(21):2181-2190. DOI:10.1001/JAMA.2014.5305 PMID: 24842135

98. Osawa E.A., Rhodes A., Landoni G., Galas F.R.B., Fukushima J.T., Park C.H.L., Almeida, J.P., Nakamura R.E., Strabelli T.M.V., Pileggi B., Leme A.C., Fominskiy E., Sakr Y., Lima M., Franco R.A., Chan R.P.C., Piccioni M.A., Mendes P., Menezes S.R., Bruno T., Gaiotto F.A., Lisboa L.A., Dallan L.A.O., Hueb A.C., Pomerantzeff P.M., Filho R.K., Jatene F.B., Auler Junior J.O.C., Hajjar L.A. Effect of perioperative goal-directed hemodynamic resuscitation therapy on outcomes following cardiac surgery: a randomized clinical trial and systematic review. Crit Care Med. 2016;44(4):724-733. DOI:10.1097/CCM.0000000000001479. PMID: 26646462

99. Arulkumaran N., Corredor C., Hamilton M.A., Ball J., Grounds R.M., Rhodes A., Cecconi M. Cardiac complications associated with goal-directed therapy in high-risk surgical patients: a meta-analysis. Br J Anaesth. 2014;112(4):648-659. DOI:10.1093/BJA/AET466. PMID: 24413429

100. Nielsen D.V., Algotsson L. Outcome of inotropic therapy: is less always more? Curr Opin Anaesthesiol. 2015;28(2):159-164. DOI:10.1097/ACO.0000000000000157. PMID: 25564993

101. Belletti A., Benedetto U., Putzu A., Martino E.A., Biondi-Zoccai G., Angelini G.D., Zangrillo A., Landoni G. Vasopressors during cardiopulmonary resuscitation. A network meta-analysis of randomized trials. Crit Care Med. 2018;46(5):e443-e451. DOI:10.1097/CCM.0000000000003049. PMID: 29652719

102. Chioncel O. Parissis J., Mebazaa A., Thiele H., Desch S., Bauersachs J., Harjola V-P., Antohi E-L., Arrigo M., Gal T.B., Celutkiene J., Collins S.P., DeBacker D., Iliescu V.A., Jankowska E., Jaarsma T., Keramida K., Lainscak M., Lund L.H. , Lyon A.R., Masip J., Metra M., Miro O., Mortara A., Mueller C., Mullens W., Nikolaou M., Piepoli M., Price S., Rosano G., Vieillard-Baron A., Weinstein J.M., Anker S.D., Filippatos G., Ruschitzka F., Coats A.J.S., Seferovic P. Epidemiology, pathophysiology and contemporary management of cardiogenic shock - a position statement from the Heart Failure Association of the European Society of Cardiology. Eur J Heart Fail. 2020;22(8):1315-1341. doi:10.1002/EJHF.1922. PMID: 32469155

103. McDonagh T.A., Metra M., Adamo M., Gardner R.S., Baumbach A., Böhm M., Burri H., Butler J., Čelutkienė J., Chioncel O., Cleland J.G.F., Coats A.J.S., Crespo-Leiro M.G., Farmakis D., Gilard M., Heymans S., Hoes A.W., Jaarsma T., Jankowska E.A., Lainscak M., Lam C.S.P., Lyon A.R., McMurray J.J.V., Mebazaa A., Mindham R., Muneretto C., Piepoli M.F., Price S., Rosano G.M.C., Ruschitzka F., Skibelund A.K. 2021 ESC Guidelines for the diagnosis and treatment of acute and chronic heart failure. Eur Heart J. 2021;42(36):3599-3726. DOI:10.1093/eurheartj/ehab368. PMID: 34447992

104. Mebazaa A., Tolppanen H., Mueller C., Lassus J., Di Somma S., Baksyte G., Cecconi M., Choi D.J., Solal A.C., Christ M., Masip J., Arrigo M., Nouira S., Ojji D., Peacock F., Richards M., Sato N., Sliwa K., Spinar J., Thiele H., Yilmaz M.B., Januzzi J. Acute heart failure and cardiogenic shock: a multidisciplinary practical guidance. Intensive Care Med. 2016;42(2):147-163. DOI:10.1007/S00134-015-4041-5. PMID: 26370690

105. Mebazaa A., Combes A., van Diepen S., Hollinger A., Katz J.N., Landoni G., Hajjar L.A., Lassus J., Lebreton G., Montalescot G., Park J.J., Price S., Sionis A., Yannopolos D., Harjola V-P., Levy B., Thiele H. Management of cardiogenic shock complicating myocardial infarction. Intensive Care Med. 2018;44(6):760-773. doi:10.1007/S00134-018-5214-9. PMID: 29767322

106. Van Diepen S., Katz J..N, Albert N.M., Henry T.D., Jacobs A.K., Kapur N.K., Kilic A., Menon V., Ohman E.M., Sweitzer N.K., Thiele H., Washam J.B., Cohen M.G. Contemporary management of cardiogenic shock: a scientific statement from the American Heart Association. Circulation. 2017;136(16):e232-e268. DOI:10.1161/CIR.0000000000000525. PMID: 28923988

107. Vail E., Gershengorn H.B., Hua M., Walkey A.J., Rubenfeld G., Wunsch H. Association between US norepinephrine shortage and mortality among patients with septic shock. JAMA. 2017;317(14):1433-1442. DOI:10.1001/JAMA.2017.2841. PMID: 28322415

108. Myburgh J.A., Higgins A., Jovanovska A., Lipman J., Ramakrishnan N., Santamaria J. A comparison of epinephrine and norepinephrine in critically ill patients. Intensive Care Med. 2008;34(12):2226-2234. DOI:10.1007/S00134-008-1219-0. PMID: 18654759

109. Levy B., Clere-Jehl R., Legras A., Morichau-Beauchant T., Leone M., Frederique G., Quenot J-P., Kimmoun A., Cariou A., Lassus J., Harjola V-P., Meziani F., Louis G., Rossignol P., Duarte K., Girerd N., Mebazaa A., Vignon P. Epinephrine versus norepinephrine for cardiogenic shock after acute myocardial infarction. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2018;72(2):173-182. DOI:10.1016/J.JACC.2018.04.051. PMID: 29976291

110. Vasu T.S., Cavallazzi R., Hirani A., Kaplan G., Leiby B., Marik P.E. Norepinephrine or dopamine for septic shock: systematic review of randomized clinical trials. J Intensive Care Med. 2012;27(3):172-178. DOI:10.1177/0885066610396312. PMID: 21436167

111. De Backer D., Aldecoa C., Njimi H., Vincent J.L. Dopamine versus norepinephrine in the treatment of septic shock: a meta-analysis*. Crit Care Med. 2012;40(3):725-730. DOI:10.1097/CCM.0B013E31823778EE. PMID: 22036860

112. Léopold V., Gayat E., Pirracchio R., Spinar J., Parenica J., Tarvasmäki T., Lassus J., Harjola V-P., Champion S., Zannad F., Valente S., Urban P., Chua H-R., Bellomo R., Popovic B., Ouweneel D.M., Henriques J.P.S., Simonis G., Lévy B., Kimmoun A., Gaudard P., Basir M.B., Markota A., Adler C., Reuter H., Mebazaa A., Chouihed T. Epinephrine and short-term survival in cardiogenic shock: an individual data meta-analysis of 2583 patients. Intensive Care Med. 2018;44(6):847-856. DOI:10.1007/s00134-018-5222-9. PMID: 29858926

113. Tarvasmäki T., Lassus J., Varpula M., Sionis A., Sund R., Køber L., Spinar J., Parissis J., Banaszewski M., Cardoso J.S., Carubelli V., Di Somma S., Mebazaa A., Harjola V-P. Current real-life use of vasopressors and inotropes in cardiogenic shock - adrenaline use is associated with excess organ injury and mortality. Crit Care. 2016;20(1):208. DOI: 10.1186/s13054-016-1387-1. PMID: 27374027

114. Belletti A., Nagy A., Sartorelli M., Mucchetti M., Putzu A., Sartini C., Morselli F., De Domenico P., Zangrillo A., Landoni G., Lembo R. Effect of continuous epinephrine infusion on survival in critically ill patients: a meta-analysis of randomized trials. Crit Care Med. 2020;48(3):398-405. DOI:10.1097/CCM.0000000000004127. PMID: 31789701

115. van Diepen S. Norepinephrine as a first-line inopressor in cardiogenic shock: oversimplification or best practice? J Am Coll Cardiol. 2018;72(2):183-186. DOI:10.1016/J.JACC.2018.04.052. PMID: 29976292

116. Gordon A.C., Russell J.A., Walley K.R., Singer J., Ayers D., Storms M.M., Holmes C.L., Hébert P.C., Cooper D.J., Mehta S., Granton J.T., Cook D.J., Presneill J.J. The effects of vasopressin on acute kidney injury in septic shock. Intensive Care Med. 2010;36(1):83-91. DOI:10.1007/S00134-009-1687-x. PMID: 19841897

117. Russell J.A., Walley K.R., Gordon A.C., Cooper D.J., Hébert P.C., Singer J., Holmes C.L., Mehta S., Granton J.T., Storms M.M., Cook D.J., Presneill J.J., Ayers D. Interaction of vasopressin infusion, corticosteroid treatment, and mortality of septic shock. Crit Care Med. 2009;37(3):811-818. DOI:10.1097/CCM.0B013E3181961ACE. PMID: 19237882

118. Gordon A.C., Mason A.J., Perkins G.D., Ashby D., Brett S.J. Protocol for a randomised controlled trial of VAsopressin versus Noradrenaline as Initial therapy in Septic sHock (VANISH). BMJ Open. 2014;4(7):e005866. DOI:10.1136/BMJOPEN-2014-005866. PMID: 24993769

119. Hajjar L.A., Vincent J.L., Gomes Galas F.R.B., Rhodes A., Landoni G., Osawa E.A., Melo R.R., Sundin M.R., Grande S.M., Gaiotto F.A., Pomerantzeff P.M., Dallan L.O., Franco R.A., Nakamura R.E., Lisboa L.A., de Almeida J.P., Gerent A.M., Souza D.H., Gaiane M.A., Fukushima J.T., Park C.L., Zambolim C., Ferreira G.S.R., Strabelli T.M., Fernandes F.L., Camara L., Zeferino S., Santos V.G., Piccioni M.A., Jatene F.B., Auler Jr J.O.C., Filho R.K. Vasopressin versus norepinephrine in patients with vasoplegic shock after cardiac surgery: The VANCS randomized controlled trial. Anesthesiology. 2017;126(1):85-93. DOI:10.1097/ALN.0000000000001434. PMID: 27841822

120. Belletti A., Musu M., Silvetti S., Saleh O., Pasin L., Monaco F., Hajjar L.A., Fominskiy E., Finco G., Zangrillo A., Landoni G. Non-adrenergic vasopressors in patients with or at risk for vasodilatory shock. A systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized trials. PLoS One. 2015;10(11):e0142605. DOI:10.1371/journal.pone.0142605. PMID: 26558621

121. Serpa Neto A., Nassar A.P., Cardoso S.O., Manetta J.A., Pereira V.G.M., Espósito D.C., Damasceno M.C.T., Russell J.A. Vasopressin and terlipressin in adult vasodilatory shock: a systematic review and meta-analysis of nine randomized controlled trials. Crit Care. 2012;16(4):R154. DOI:10.1186/cc11469. PMID: 22889256

122. Avni T., Lador A., Lev S., Leibovici L., Paul M., Grossman A. Vasopressors for the treatment of septic shock: systematic review and meta-analysis. PLoS One. 2015;10(8):e0129305. DOI:10.1371/JOURNAL.PONE.0129305. PMID: 26237037

123. Kochkin A.A., Likhvantsev V.V., Kadantseva К.К. Two-component vasopressor therapy for septic shock. Messenger Anesthesiol Resusc. (in Russ). 2021;18(1):57-64. DOI:10.21292/2078-5658-2021-18-1-57-64. [Кочкин А.А., Каданцева К.К., Лихванцев В.В. Двухкомпонентная вазопрессорная терапия септического шока. Вестник анестезиологии и реаниматологии. 2021;18(1):57-64. https://doi.org/10.21292/2078-5658-2021-18-1-57-64]

124. Bignami E., Belletti A., Moliterni P., Frati E., Guarnieri M., Tritapepe L. Clinical practice in perioperative monitoring in adult cardiac surgery: is there a standard of care? Results from an national survey. J Clin Monit Comput. 2016;30(3):347-365. DOI:10.1007/s10877-015-9725-4. PMID: 26089166

125. Kastrup M., Markewitz A., Spies C., Carl M., Erb J., Grosse J., Schirmer U. Current practice of hemodynamic monitoring and vasopressor and inotropic therapy in post‐operative cardiac surgery patients in Germany: results from a postal survey. Acta Anaesthesiol Scand. 2007;51(3):347-358. DOI:10.1111/j.1399-6576.2006.01190.x. PMID: 17096667

126. Lowes B.D., Tsvetkova T., Eichhorn E.J., Gilbert E.M., Bristow M.R. Milrinone versus dobutamine in heart failure subjects treated chronically with carvedilol. Int J Cardiol. 2001;81(2-3):141-149. doi:10.1016/S0167-5273(01)00520-4. PMID: 11744130

127. Metra M., Nodari .S, D’Aloia A., Muneretto C., Robertson A.D., Bristow M.R., Dei Cas L. Beta-blocker therapy influences the hemodynamic response to inotropic agents in patients with heart failure: a randomized comparison of dobutamine and enoximone before and after chronic treatment with metoprolol or carvedilol. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2002;40(7):1248-1258. DOI:10.1016/S0735-1097(02)02134-4. PMID: 12383572

128. Cuffe M.S., Califf R.M., Adams K.F., Bourge R.C., Colucci W., Massie B., O'Connor C.M., Pina I., Quigg R., Silver M., Robinson L.A., Leimberger J.D., Gheorghiade M. Rationale and design of the OPTIME CHF trial: outcomes of a prospective trial of intravenous milrinone for exacerbations of chronic heart failure. Am Heart J. 2000;139(1 Pt 1):15-22. DOI:10.1016/S0002-8703(00)90303-X. PMID: 10618557

129. Feneck R.O., Sherry K.M., Withington P.S., Oduro-Dominah A. Comparison of the hemodynamic effects of milrinone with dobutamine in patients after cardiac surgery. J Cardiothorac Vasc Anesth. 2001;15(3):306-315. DOI:10.1053/JCAN.2001.23274. PMID: 11426360

130. Baran D.A., Grines C.L., Bailey S., Burkhoff D., Hall S.A., Henry T.D., Hollenberg S.M., Kapur N.K., O'Neill W., Ornato J.P., Stelling K., Thiele H., van Diepen S., Naidu S.S. SCAI clinical expert consensus statement on the classification of cardiogenic shock: This document was endorsed by the American College of Cardiology (ACC), the American Heart Association (AHA), the Society of Critical Care Medicine (SCCM), and the Society of Thoracic Surgeons (STS) in April 2019. Catheter Cardiovasc Interv. 2019;94(1):29-37. DOI:10.1002/CCD.28329. PMID: 31104355

131. Mathew R., Di Santo P., Jung R.G., Marbach J.A., Hutson J., Simard T., Ramirez F.D., Harnett D.T., Merdad A., Almufleh A., Weng W., Abdel-Razek O., Fernando S.M., Kyeremanteng K., Bernick J., Wells G.A., Chan V., Froeschl M., Labinaz M., Le May M.R., Russo J.J., Hibbert В. Milrinone as compared with dobutamine in the treatment of cardiogenic shock. N Engl J Med. 2021;385(6):516-525. DOI:10.1056/NEJMOA2026845. PMID: 34347952

132. De Witt E.S., Black K.J., Thiagarajan R.R., Di Nardo J.A., Colan S.D., McGowan F.X., Kheir J.N. Effects of commonly used inotropes on myocardial function and oxygen consumption under constant ventricular loading conditions. J Appl Physiol. 2016;121(1):7-14. DOI:10.1152/JAPPLPHYSIOL.00058.2016. PMID: 27150829

133. Pollesello P., Parissis J., Kivikko M., Harjola V.P. Levosimendan meta-analyses: Is there a pattern in the effect on mortality? Int J Cardiol. 2016;209:77-83. DOI:10.1016/J.IJCARD.2016.02.014. PMID: 26882190

134. Zangrillo A., Alvaro G., Pisano A., Guarracino F., Lobreglio R., Bradic N., Lembo R., Gianni S., Calabrò M.G., Likhvantsev V., Grigoryev E., Buscaglia G., Pala G., Auci E., Amantea B., Monaco F., De Vuono G., Corcione A., Galdieri N., Cariello C., Bove T., Fominskiy E., Auriemma S., Baiocchi M., Bianchi A., Frontini M., Paternoster G., Sangalli F., Wang C-Y., Zucchetti M.C., Biondi-Zoccai G., Gemma M., Lipinski M.J., Lomivorotov V.V., Landoni G. A randomized controlled trial of levosimendan to reduce mortality in high-risk cardiac surgery patients (CHEETAH): Rationale and design. Am Heart J. 2016;177:66-73. DOI:10.1016/J.AHJ.2016.03.021. PMID: 27297851

135. Mehta R.H., Van Diepen S., Meza J., Bokesch P., Leimberger J.D.., Tourt-Uhlig S., Swartz M., Parrotta J., Jankowich R., Hay D., Harrison R.W., Fremes S., Goodman S.G., Luber J., Toller W., Heringlake M., Anstrom K.J., Levy J.H., Harrington R.A., Alexander J.H. Levosimendan in patients with left ventricular systolic dysfunction undergoing cardiac surgery on cardiopulmonary bypass: rationale and study design of the Levosimendan in patients with left ventricular systolic dysfunction undergoing cardiac surgery requiring cardiopulmonary bypass (LEVO-CTS) trial. Am Heart J. 2016;182:62-71. DOI:10.1016/J.AHJ.2016.09.001 PMID: 27914501

136. Caruba T., Hourton D., Sabatier B., Rousseau D., Tibi A., Hoffart-Jourdain C., Souag A., Freitas N., Yjjou M., Almeida C., Gomes N., Aucouturier P., Djadi-Prat J., Menasché P., Chatellier G., Cholley B. Rationale and design of the multicenter randomized trial investigating the effects of levosimendan pretreatment in patients with low ejection fraction (≤40 %) undergoing CABG with cardiopulmonary bypass (LICORN study). J Cardiothorac Surg. 2016;11(1):127. DOI:10.1186/s13019-016-0530-z. PMID: 27496105

137. van Diepen S., Mehta R.H., Leimberger J.D., Goodman S.G., Fremes S., Jankowich R., Heringlake M., Anstrom K.J., Levy J.H., Luber J., Nagpal A.D., Duncan A.E., Argenziano M., Toller W., Teoh K., Knight J.D., Lopes R.D., Cowper P.A., Mark D.B., Alexander J.H. Levosimendan in patients with reduced left ventricular function undergoing isolated coronary or valve surgery. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg. 2020;159(6):2302-2309.e6. DOI:10.1016/J.JTCVS.2019.06.020. PMID: 31358329

138. Mebazaa A., Nieminen M.S., Filippatos G.S., Cleland J.G., Salon J.E., Thakkar R., Padley R.J., Huang B., Cohen-Solal A. Levosimendan vs. dobutamine: outcomes for acute heart failure patients on beta-blockers in SURVIVE. Eur J Heart Fail. 2009;11(3):304-311. DOI:10.1093/EURJHF/HFN045. PMID: 19158152

139. Ørstavik O., Ata .S.H, Riise J., Dahl C.P., Andersen G.Ø., Levy F.O., Skomedal T., Osnes J-B., Qvigstad E. Inhibition of phosphodiesterase-3 by levosimendan is sufficient to account for its inotropic effect in failing human heart. Br J Pharmacol. 2014;171(23):5169-5181. DOI:10.1111/BPH.12647. PMID: 24547784

140. Khanna A., English S.W., Wang X.S., Ham K., Tumlin J., Szerlip H., Busse L.W., Altaweel L., Albertson T.E., Mackey C., McCurdy M.T., Boldt D.W., Chock S., Young P.J., Krell K., Wunderink R.G., Ostermann M., Murugan R., Gong M.N., Panwar R., Hästbacka J., Favory R., Venkatesh B., Thompson B.T., Bellomo R., Jensen J., Kroll S., Chawla L.S., Tidmarsh G.F., Deane A.M. Angiotensin II for the treatment of vasodilatory shock. N Engl J Med. 2017;377(5):419-430. DOI:10.1056/NEJMOA1704154. PMID: 28528561

141. Tumlin J.A., Murugan R., Deane A.M., Ostermann M., Busse L.W., Ham K.R., Kashani K., Szerlip H.M., Prowle J.R., Bihorac A., Finkel K.W., Zarbock A., Forni L.G., Lynch S.J., Jensen J., Kroll S., Chawla L.S., Tidmarsh G.F., Bellomo R. Outcomes in patients with vasodilatory shock and renal replacement therapy treated with intravenous angiotensin II. Crit Care Med. 2018;46(6):949-957. DOI:10.1097/CCM.0000000000003092. PMID: 29509568

142. Bauer S.R., Sacha G.L., Lam S.W. Safe use of vasopressin and angiotensin II for patients with circulatory shock. Pharmacotherapy. 2018;38(8):851-861. DOI:10.1002/PHAR.2147. PMID: 29878459

143. Patel N.N., Avlonitis V.S., Jones H.E., Reeves B.C., Sterne J.A.C., Murphy G.J. Indications for red blood cell transfusion in cardiac surgery: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Lancet Haematol. 2015;2(12):e543-e553. DOI:10.1016/S2352-3026(15)00198-2. PMID: 26686409

144. Fominskiy E., Putzu A., Monaco F., Scandroglio A.M., Karaskov A., Galas F.R.B., Hajjar L.A., Zangrillo A., Landoni G. Liberal transfusion strategy improves survival in perioperative but not in critically ill patients. A meta-analysis of randomised trials. Br J Anaesth. 2015;115(4):511-519. DOI:10.1093/BJA/AEV317. PMID: 26385661

145. Belletti A., Lerose C.C., Zangrillo A., Landoni G. Vasoactive-inotropic score: evolution, clinical utility, and pitfalls. J Cardiothorac Vasc Anesth. 2021;35(10):3067-3077. DOI:10.1053/j.jvca.2020.09.117. PMID: 33069558

146. Landoni G., Pieri M., Young P.J., Bellomo R. Why do multicenter randomized controlled trials not confirm the positive findings of single center randomized controlled trials in acute care? Minerva Anestesiol. 2019;85(2):194-200. DOI:10.23736/S0375-9393.18.13070-7. PMID: 30394068

147. Biondi-Zoccai G., Landoni G., Modena M.G. A journey into clinical evidence: from case reports to mixed treatment comparisons. HSR Proc Intensive Care Cardiovasc Anesth. 2011;3(2):93-96. PMID: 23441269

148. Landoni G., Comis M., Conte M., Finco G., Mucchetti M., Paternoster G., Pisano A., Ruggeri L., Alvaro G., Angelone M., Bergonzi P.C., Bocchino S., Borghi G., Bove T., Buscaglia G., Cabrini L., Callegher L., Caramelli F., Colombo S., Corno L., Del Sarto P., Feltracco P., Forti A., Ganzaroli M., Greco M., Guarracino F., Lembo R., Lobreglio R., Meroni R., Monaco F., Musu M., Pala G., Pasin L., Pieri M., Pisarra S., Ponticelli G., Roasio A., Santini F., Silvetti S., Székely A., Zambon M., Zucchetti M.C., Zangrillo A., Bellomo R. Mortality in multicenter critical care trials: an analysis of interventions with a significant effect. Crit Care Med. 2015;43(8):1559-1568. DOI:10.1097/CCM.0000000000000974. PMID: 25821918

149. Sartini C., Lomivorotov V., Pisano A., Riha H., Redaelli M.B., Lopez-Delgado J.C., Pieri M., Hajjar L., Fominskiy E., Likhvantsev V., Cabrini L., Bradic N., Avancini D., Wang C.Y., Lembo R., Novikov M., Paternoster G., Gazivoda G., Alvaro G., Roasio A., Wang C., Severi L., Pasin L., Mura P., Musu M., Silvetti S., Votta C.D., Belletti A., Corradi F., Brusasco C., Tamà S., Ruggeri L., Yong C-Y., Pasero D., Mancino G., Spadaro S., Conte M., Lobreglio R., Di Fraja D., Saporito E., D'Amico A., Sardo S., Ortalda A., Yavorovskiy A., Riefolo C., Monaco F., Bellomo R., Zangrillo A., Landoni G. A systematic review and international Web-based survey of randomized controlled trials in the perioperative and critical care setting: interventions increasing mortality. J Cardiothorac Vasc Anesth. 2019;33(10):2685-2694. DOI:10.1053/j.jvca.2019.03.022. PMID: 31064730

150. Sartini C., Lomivorotov V., Pieri M., Lopez-Delgado J.C., Redaelli M.C., Hajjar L., Pisano A., Likhvantsev V., Fominskiy E., Bradic N., Cabrini L., Novikov M., Avancini D., Riha H., Lembo R., Gazivoda G., Paternoster G., Wang C., Tamà S., Alvaro G., Wang C.Y., Roasio A., Ruggeri L., Yong C-Y., Pasero D., Severi L., Pasin L., Mancino G., Mura P., Musu M., Spadaro S., Conte M., Lobreglio R., Silvetti S., Votta C.D., Belletti A., Di Fraja D., Corradi F., Brusasco C., Saporito E., D'Amico A., Sardo S., Ortalda A., Riefolo C., Fabrizio M., Zangrillo A., Bellomo R., Landoni G. A systematic review and international Web-based survey of randomized controlled trials in the perioperative and critical care setting: interventions reducing mortality. J Cardiothorac Vasc Anesth. 2019;33(5):1430-1439. DOI:10.1053/j.jvca.2018.11.026. PMID: 30600204

151. Ospina-Tascón G.A., Büchele G.L., Vincent J.L. Multicenter, randomized, controlled trials evaluating mortality in intensive care: doomed to fail? Crit Care Med. 2008;36(4):1311-1322. DOI:10.1097/CCM.0B013E318168EA3E. PMID: 18379260

152. Vincent J.L. We should abandon randomized controlled trials in the intensive care unit. Crit Care Med. 2010;38(10 Suppl):S534-8. DOI:10.1097/CCM.0B013E3181F208AC. PMID: 21164394

153. Redaelli M.B., Landoni G., Di Sanzo S., Frassoni S., Sartini C., Cabrini L., Monti G., Scandroglio M., Zangrillo A., Bellomo R.. Interventions affecting mortality in critically ill and perioperative patients: a systematic review of contemporary trials. J Crit Care. 2017;41:107-111. DOI:10.1016/j.jcrc.2017.05.005

154. Deans K.J., Minneci P.C., Suffredini A.F., Danner R.L., Hoffman W.D., Ciu X., Klein H.G., Schechter A.N., Banks S.M., Eichacker P.Q., Natanson C. Randomization in clinical trials of titrated therapies: unintended consequences of using fixed treatment protocols. Crit Care Med. 2007;35(6):1509-1516. DOI:10.1097/01.CCM.0000266584.40715.A6. PMID: 17440420

155. Thiele H., Allam B., Chatellier G., Schuler G., Lafont A. Shock in acute myocardial infarction: the Cape Horn for trials? Eur Heart J. 2010;31(15):1828-1835. DOI:10.1093/EURHEARTJ/EHQ220. PMID: 20610640

156. Hayes M.A., Timmins A.C., Yau E.H., Palazzo M., Hinds C.J., Watson D. Elevation of systemic oxygen delivery in the treatment of critically ill patients. N Engl J Med. 1994;330(24):1717-1722. DOI:10.1056/NEJM199406163302404. PMID: 7993413

157. Gattinoni L., Brazzi L., Pelosi P., Latini R., Tognoni G., Pesenti A., Fumagalli R. A trial of goal-oriented hemodynamic therapy in critically ill patients. SvO2 Collaborative Group. N Engl J Med. 1995;333(16):1025-1032. DOI:10.1056/NEJM199510193331601. PMID: 7675044

158. Hernández G., Ospina-Tascón G.A., Damiani L.P., Estenssoro E., Dubin A., Hurtado J., Friedman G., Castro R., Alegría L., Teboul J-L., Cecconi M., Ferri G., Jibaja M., Pairumani R., Fernández P., Barahona D., Granda-Luna V., Cavalcanti A.B., Bakker J., Hernández G., Ospina-Tascón G., Damiani L.P., Rodriguez N., Holger P., Soto N., Pozo M., Cook D., Vincent J-L., Rhodes A., Kavanagh B.P., Dellinger P., Rietdijk W., Carpio D., Pavéz N., Henriquez E., Bravo S., Valenzuela E.D., Vera M., Dreyse J., Oviedo V., Cid M.A., Larroulet M., Petruska E., Sarabia C., Gallardo D., Sanchez J.E., González H., Arancibia J.M., Muñoz M., Ramirez G., Aravena F., Aquevedo A., Zambrano F., Bozinovic M., Valle F., Ramirez M., Rossel V., Muñoz P., Ceballos C., Esveile C., Carmona C., Candia E., Mendoza D., Sanchez A., Ponce D., Lastra J., Nahuelpán B., Fasce F., Luengo C., Medel N., Cortés C., Campassi L., Rubatto P., Horna N., Furche M., Pendino J.C., Bettini L., Lovesio C., González M.C., Rodruguez J., Canales H., Caminos F., Galletti C., Minoldo E., Aramburu M.J., Olmos D., Nin N., Tenzi J., Quiroga C., Lacuesta P., Gaudín A., Pais R., Silvestre A., Olivera G., Rieppi G., Berrutti D., Ochoa M., Cobos P., Vintimilla F., Ramirez V., Tobar M., García F., Picoita F., Remache N., Granda V., Paredes F., Barzallo E., Garcés P., Guerrero F., Salazar S., Torres G., Tana C., Calahorrano J., Solis F., Torres P., Herrera L., Ornes A., Peréz V., Delgado G., López A., Espinosa E., Moreira J., Salcedo B., Villacres I., Suing J., Lopez M., Gomez L., Toctaquiza G., Zapata M.C., Orazabal M.A., Espejo R.P., Jimenez J., Calderón A., Paredes G., Barberán J.L., Moya T., Atehortua H., Sabogal R., Ortiz G., Lara A., Sanchez F., Portilla A.H., Dávila H., Mora J.A., Calderón L.E., Alvarez I., Escobar E., Bejarano A., Bustamante L.A., Aldana J.L. Effect of a resuscitation strategy targeting peripheral perfusion status vs serum lactate levels on 28-day mortality among patients with septic shock:The ANDROMEDA-SHOCK Randomized Clinical Trial. JAMA. 2019;321(7):654. DOI:10.1001/jama.2019.0071. PMID: 30772908

159. Combes A., Price S., Slutsky A.S., Brodie D. Temporary circulatory support for cardiogenic shock. Lancet. 2020;396(10245):199-212. DOI: 10.1016/S0140-6736(20)31047-3. PMID: 32682486

160. Rihal C.S., Naidu S.S., Givertz M.M., Szeto W.Y., Burke J.A., Kapur N.K., Kern M., Garratt K.N., Goldstein J.N., Dimas V., Tu T. 2015 SCAI/ACC/HFSA/STS Clinical Expert Consensus Statement on the use of percutaneous mechanical circulatory support devices in cardiovascularcCare: endorsed by the American Heart Assocation, the Cardiological Society of India, and Sociedad Latino Americana de Cardiologia Intervencion; affirmation of value by the Canadian Association of Interventional Cardiology-Association Canadienne de Cardiologie d’intervention. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2015;65(19):e7-e26. DOI:10.1016/J.JACC.2015.03.036.PMID: 25861963

161. Atkinson T.M., Ohman E.M., O’Neill W.W., Rab T., Cigarroa J.E. A Practical approach to mechanical circulatory support in patients undergoing percutaneous coronary intervention: an Iinterventional perspective. JACC Cardiovasc Interv. 2016;9(9):871-883. DOI:10.1016/J.JCIN.2016.02.046. PMID: 27151604

162. den Uil C.A., van Mieghem N.M., Bastos M.B., Jewbali L.S., Lenzen M.J., Engstrom A.E., Bunge J.J.H., Brugts J.J., Manintveld O.C., Daemen J., Wilschut J.M., Zijlstra F., Constantinescu A.A. Primary intra-aortic balloon support versus inotropes for decompensated heart failure and low output: a randomised trial. EuroIntervention. 2019;15(7):586-593. doi:10.4244/EIJ-D-19-00254.PMID: 31147306

163. Burkhoff D., Sayer G., Doshi D., Uriel N. Hemodynamics of mechanical circulatory support. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2015;66(23):2663-2674. DOI:10.1016/j.jacc.2015.10.017. PMID: 26670067

164. Uriel N., Sayer G., Annamalai S., Kapur N.K., Burkhoff D. Mechanical unloading in heart failure. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2018;72(5):569-580. DOI:10.1016/J.JACC.2018.05.038. PMID: 30056830

165. Baldetti L., Pagnesi M., Gramegna M., Belletti A., Beneduce A., Pazzanese V., Calvo F., Sacchi S., Van Mieghem N.M., den Uil C.A., Metra M., Cappelletti A.M. Intra-aortic balloon pumping in acute decompensated heart failure with hypoperfusion: from pathophysiology to clinical practice. Circ Hear Fail. 2021;14(11):e008527. DOI:10.1161/CIRCHEARTFAILURE.121.008527. PMID: 34706550

166. Guglin M., Kaufman M. Inotropes do not increase mortality in advanced heart failure. Int J Gen Med. 2014;7:237-251. DOI:10.2147/IJGM.S62549. PMID: 24899821

167. Stevenson L.W., Pagani F.D., Young J.B., Jessup M., Miller L., Kormos R.L., Naftel D.C., Ulisney K., Desvigne-Nickens P., Kirklin J.K. INTERMACS profiles of advanced heart failure: the current picture. J Heart Lung Transplant. 2009;28(6):535-541. DOI:10.1016/J.HEALUN.2009.02.015. PMID: 19481012

168. Hershberger R.E., Nauman D., Walker T.L., Dutton D., Burgess D. Care processes and clinical outcomes of continuous outpatient support with inotropes (COSI) in patients with refractory endstage heart failure. J Card Fail. 2003;9(3):180-187. DOI:10.1054/JCAF.2003.24. PMID: 12815567

169. Royster R.L. Myocardial dysfunction following cardiopulmonary bypass: recovery patterns, predictors of inotropic need, theoretical concepts of inotropic administration. J Cardiothorac Vasc Anesth. 1993;7(4 Suppl 2):19-25. DOI:10.1016/1053-0770(93)90093-Z. PMID: 8369465

170. Ross J. Afterload mismatch in aortic and mitral valve disease: implications for surgical therapy. J Am Coll Cardiol. 1985;5(4):811-826. DOI:10.1016/S0735-1097(85)80418-6. PMID: 3882814

171. Melisurgo G., Ajello S., Pappalardo F., Guidotti A., Agricola E., Kawaguchi M., Latib A., Covello R.D., Denti P., Zangrillo A., Alfieri O., Maisano F. Afterload mismatch after MitraClip insertion for functional mitral regurgitation. Am J Cardiol. 2014;113(11):1844-1850. DOI:10.1016/J.AMJCARD.2014.03.015. PMID: 24837263

172. Döpp-Zemel D., Groeneveld J. High-dose norepinephrine treatment: determinants of mortality and futility in critically ill patients. Am J Crit Care. 2013;22(1):22-32. DOI:10.4037/AJCC2013748. PMID: 23283085

173. Tsukui H., Koh E., Yokoyama S., Ogawa M. Which patients can be weaned from inotropic support within 24 hours after cardiac surgery? Heart Vessels. 2004;19(5):225-229. DOI:10.1007/S00380-004-0777-5. PMID: 15372297

174. Kastrup M., Braun J., Kaffarnik M., von Dossow-Hanfstingl V., Ahlborn R., Wernecke K-D., Spies C. Catecholamine dosing and survival in adult intensive care unit patients. World J Surg. 2013;37(4):766-773. DOI:10.1007/S00268-013-1926-8. PMID: 23370459

175. Prys-Picard C.O., Shah S.K., Williams B.D., Cardenas V., Sharma G. Outcomes of patients on multiple vasoactive drugs for shock. J Intensive Care Med. 2013;28(4):237-240. DOI:10.1177/0885066612448738. PMID: 22733722

176. Hochman J.S., Sleeper L.A., Webb J.G., Sanborn T.A., White H.D., Talley J.D., Buller C.E., Jacobs A.K., Slater J.N., Col J., McKinlay S.M., LeJemtel I.H. Early revascularization in acute myocardial infarction complicated by cardiogenic shock. SHOCK Investigators. Should we emergently revascularize occluded coronaries for cardiogenic shock. N Engl J Med. 1999;341(9):625-634. DOI:10.1056/NEJM199908263410901. PMID: 10460813

177. Hochman J.S., Sleeper L.A., White H.D., Dzavik V., Wong S.C., Menon V., Webb J.G., Steingart R., Picard M.H., Menegus M.A., Boland J., Sanborn T., Buller C.E., Modur S., Forman R., Desvigne-Nickens P., Jacobs A.K., Slater J.N., Le Jemtel T.H. One-year survival following early revascularization for cardiogenic shock. JAMA. 2001;285(2):190-192. DOI:10.1001/JAMA.285.2.190. PMID: 11176812

178. Hochman J.S., Sleeper L.A., Webb J.G., Dzavik V., Buller C.E., Aylward P., Col J., White H.D. Early revascularization and long-term survival in cardiogenic shock complicating acute myocardial infarction. JAMA. 2006;295(21):2511-2515. DOI:10.1001/JAMA.295.21.2511. PMID: 16757723

179. Waechter J., Kumar A., Lapinsky S.E., Marshall J., Dodek P., Arabi Y., Parrillo J.E., Dellinger R.P., Garland A. Interaction between fluids and vasoactive agents on mortality in septic shock: a multicenter, observational study. Crit Care Med. 2014;42(10):2158-2168. DOI:10.1097/CCM.0000000000000520. PMID: 25072761

180. Funk D.J., Jacobsohn E., Kumar A. The role of venous return in critical illness and shock-part I: physiology. Crit Care Med. 2013;41(1):255-262. DOI:10.1097/CCM.0B013E3182772AB6 PMID: 23269130

181. Funk D.J., Jacobsohn E., Kumar A. Role of the venous return in critical illness and shock: part II-shock and mechanical ventilation. Crit Care Med. 2013;41(2):573-579. DOI:10.1097/CCM.0B013E31827BFC25. PMID: 23263572

182. Landoni G., Nardelli P., Zangrillo A., Hajjar L.A. Mechanical ventilation. Total eclipse of the heart (Editorial). Gen Reanimatol. (in Russ).2021;17(5):96-100. DOI:10.15360/1813-9779-2021-5-1-0

183. Vieillard-Baron A., Matthay M., Teboul J.L., Bein T., Schultz M., Magder S., Marini J.J. Experts’ opinion on management of hemodynamics in ARDS patients: focus on the effects of mechanical ventilation. Intensive Care Med. 2016;42(5):739-749. DOI:10.1007/s00134-016-4326-3. PMID: 27038480

184. Cabrini L., Ghislanzoni L., Severgnini P., Landoni G., Redaelli M.B., Franchi F., Romagnoli S. Early versus late tracheal intubation in COVID-19 patients: a “pros/cons” debate also considering heart-lung interactions. Minerva Cardiol Angiol. 2021;69(5):596-605. DOI:10.23736/S2724-5683.20.05356-6. PMID: 33059400

185. Moskowitz A., Andersen L.W., Huang D.T., Berg K.M., Grossestreuer A.V., Marik P.E., Sherwin R.L., Hou P.C., Becker L.B., Cocchi M.N., Doshi P., Gong J., Sen A., Donnino M.W. Ascorbic acid, corticosteroids, and thiamine in sepsis: a review of the biologic rationale and the present state of clinical evaluation. Crit Care. 2018;22(1):283. DOI:10.1186/S13054-018-2217-4. PMID: 30373647

186. Fujii T., Salanti G., Belletti A., Bellomo R., Carr A., Furukawa T.A., Luethi N., Luo Y., Putzu A., Sartini C., Tsujimoto Y., Udy A.A., Yanase F., Young P.J. Effect of adjunctive vitamin C, glucocorticoids, and vitamin B1 on longer-term mortality in adults with sepsis or septic shock: a systematic review and a component network meta-analysis. Intensive Care Med. 2022;48(1):16-24. DOI:10.1007/S00134-021-06558-0. PMID: 34750650

187. Landoni G., Zangrillo A., Lomivorotov V.V., Likhvantsev V., Ma J., De Simone F., Fominskiy E. Cardiac protection with phosphocreatine: a meta-analysis. Interact Cardiovasc Thorac Surg. 2016;23(4):637-646. DOI:10.1093/ICVTS/IVW171. PMID: 27318357

188. Mingxing F., Landoni G., Zangrillo A., Monaco F., Lomivorotov V.V., Hui C., Novikov M., Nepomniashchikh V., Fominskiy E. Phosphocreatine in cardiac surgery patients: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. J Cardiothorac Vasc Anesth. 2018;32(2):762-770. DOI:10.1053/J.JVCA.2017.07.024. PMID: 29409711

189. Duncan A.E. GIK: the cure we have been waiting for? Anesth Analg. 2018;126(4):1121-1123. DOI:10.1213/ANE.0000000000002845. PMID: 29547419

190. Lomivorotov V., Ponomarev D., Boboshko V., Shmyrev V., Ismoilov S., Efremov S., Kamenshchikov N., Akselrod B., Pasyuga V., Urusov D., Ovezov A., Evdokimov M., Turchaninov A., Bogachev-Prokofiev A., Bukamal N., Afifi S., Belletti A., Bellomo R., Landoni G. Calcium administration In patients undergoing CardiAc suRgery under cardiopulmonary bypasS (ICARUS trial): rationale and design of a randomized controlled trial. Contemp Clin Trials Commun. 2021;23:100835. DOI:10.1016/j.conctc.2021.100835. PMID: 34485754

191. Østergaard L., Granfeldt A., Secher N., Tietze A., Iversen N.K., Jensen M.S., Andersen K.K., Nagenthiraja K., Gutiérrez-Lizardi P., Mouridsen K., Jespersen S.N., Tønnesen E.K. Microcirculatory dysfunction and tissue oxygenation in critical illness. Acta Anaesthesiol Scand. 2015;59(10):1246-1259. DOI:10.1111/AAS.12581. PMID: 26149711

192. Den Uil C.A., Lagrand W.K., Van Der Ent M., Nieman K., Struijs A., Jewbali L.S.D., Constantinescu A.A., Spronk P.E., Simoons M.L. Conventional hemodynamic resuscitation may fail to optimize tissue perfusion: an observational study on the effects of dobutamine, enoximone, and norepinephrine in patients with acute myocardial infarction complicated by cardiogenic shock. PLoS One. 2014;9(8):e103978. DOI:10.1371/JOURNAL.PONE.0103978. PMID: 25084171

193. Wiramus S., Textoris J., Bardin R., Vigne C., Kelway C., Martin C., Leone M. Isoproterenol infusion and microcirculation in septic shock. Hear Lung Vessel. 2014;6(4):274-279. PMID: 25436209

194. De Backer D., Creteur J., Dubois M.J., Sakr .Y, Koch M., Verdant C., Vincent J-L. The effects of dobutamine on microcirculatory alterations in patients with septic shock are independent of its systemic effects. Crit Care Med. 2006;34(2):403-408. DOI:10.1097/01.CCM.0000198107.61493.5°. PMID: 16424721

195. Chawla L.S., Ostermann M., Forni L., Tidmarsh G.F. Broad spectrum vasopressors: a new approach to the initial management of septic shock? Crit Care. 2019;23(1):124. DOI:10.1186/S13054-019-2420-Y. PMID: 30992045