Cardiac Arrest in Adult Patients. Clinical Guidelines

These guidelines were developed by a team of leading experts and representatives of the Federation of Anesthesiologists and Reanimatologists, the Russian Society of Emergency Medicine, the National Resuscitation Council and the Russian Society of First Aid.

The guidelines provide a comprehensive framework for resuscitating adult patients with circulatory arrest. They cover: standardized terminology related to cardiac arrest; etiology and pathogenesis of cardiac arrest; epidemiology of both out-of-hospital and in-hospital cardiac arrest; diagnostic principles; algorithms for basic life support, including the use of automated external defibrillators; advanced cardiac life support protocols; special considerations for extracorporeal life support (ECLS); resuscitation procedures in catheterization laboratories, for cardiac surgery patients, and during labor; legal aspects of justified withdrawal (termination) from resuscitation efforts; quality indicators in emergency care.

The guidelines also feature illustrated step-by-step algorithms for resuscitation procedures. The document includes 14 appendices and 232 references.

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9. Olasveengen T. M., Semeraro F., Ristagno G., Castren M., Handley A., Kuzovlev A., Monsieurs K. G., et al. European Resuscitation Council Guidelines 2021: basic life support. Resuscitation. 2021; 161: 98–114. DOI: 10.1016/j.resuscitation.2021.02.009. PMID: 33773835

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12. Chang I., Lee S. C., Shin S. D., Song K. J., Ro Y.S., Park J. H., Kong S. Y. Effects of dispatcher-assisted bystander cardiopulmonary resuscitation on neurological recovery in paediatric patients with out-of-hospital cardiac arrest based on the pre-hospital emergency medical service response time interval. Resuscitation. 2018; 130: 49–56. DOI: 10.1016/j.resuscitation.2018.06.029. PMID: 29960075.

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19. Christensen D. M., Rajan S., Kragholm K., Søndergaard K. B., Hansen O. M., Gerds T. A., Torp-Pedersen C., et al. Bystander cardiopulmonary resuscitation and survival in patients with out-of-hospital cardiac arrest of non-cardiac origin. Resuscitation. 2019; 140: 98–105. DOI: 10.1016/j.resuscitation.2019.05.014. PMID: 31129226.

20. Kragholm K., Wissenberg M., Mortensen R. N., Hansen S. M., Hansen C. M., Thorsteinsson K., Rajan S., et al. Bystander efforts and 1-year outcomes in out-of-hospital cardiac arrest. N Engl J Med. 2017; 376 (18): 1737–1747. DOI: 10.1056/NEJMoa1601891. PMID: 28467879.

21. Fordyce C. B., Hansen C. M., Kragholm K., Dupre M. E., Jollis J. G., Roettig M. L., Becker L. B., et al. Association of public health initiatives with outcomes for out-of-hospital cardiac arrest at home and in public locations. JAMA Cardiol. 2017; 2 (11): 1226–1235. DOI: 10.1001/jamacardio.2017.3471. PMID: 28979980.

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26. Ro Y. S., Shin S. D., Lee Y. J., Lee S. C., Song K. J., Ryoo H. W., Ong M. E.H., et al. Effect of dispatcher-assisted cardiopulmonary resuscitation program and location of out-of-hospital cardiac arrest on survival and neurologic outcome. Ann Emerg Med. 2017; 69 (1): 52–61.e1. DOI: 10.1016/j.annemergmed.2016.07.028. PMID: 27665488.

27. Oliveira N. C., Oliveira H., Silva T. L.C., Boné M., Bonito J. The role of bystander CPR in out-of-hospital cardiac arrest: what the evidence tells us. Hellenic J Cardiol. 2025; 82: 86–98. DOI: 10.1016/j.hjc.2024.09.002. PMID: 39277169.

28. Viereck S., Møller T. P., Ersbøll A. K., Bækgaard J. S., Claesson A., Hollenberg J., Folke F., et al. Recognising out-of-hospital cardiac arrest during emergency calls increases bystander cardiopulmonary resuscitation and survival. Resuscitation. 2017; 115: 141–147. DOI: 10.1016/j.resuscitation.2017.04.006. PMID: 28414165.

29. Shah M., Bartram C., Irwin K., Vellano K., McNally B., Gallagher T., Swor R. Evaluating dispatch-assisted CPR using the CARES registry. Prehosp Emerg Care. 2018; 22 (2): 222–228. DOI: 10.1080/10903127.2017.1376133. PMID: 29220603.

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33. Pollack R. A., Brown S. P., Rea T., Aufderheide T., Barbic D., Buick J. E., Christenson J., et al; ROC Investigators. Impact of bystander automated external defibrillator use on survival and functional outcomes in shockable observed public cardiac arrests. Circulation. 2018; 137 (20): 2104–2113. DOI: 10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.117.030700. PMID: 29483086.

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