1.2. Research Ethics and Patient Consent

Biomedical research involving human subjects must adhere to the principles outlined in the Declaration of Helsinki (World Medical Association Declaration of Helsinki: Ethical Principles for Medical Research Involving Human Subjects. DOI: 10.1001/jama.2013.281053). Such studies must be reviewed and approved in advance by the Ethics Committee(s) affiliated with the institution(s) where the research is being conducted.

All patients and volunteers have a right to privacy, which must not be violated without obtaining informed consent (IC) for participation in the study and for the anonymized publication of its results. The IC must be signed by the participants themselves or by their legal representatives. In cases where the patient is identifiable, the manuscript must be shown to the patient or the patient's legal representative prior to publication and IC for publication must be obtained.

Information regarding ethical approval and availability of IC must be included in the Materials and Methods section. This should include the Protocol number with the Ethics Committee decision, the date of approval, and a statement confirming that IC was obtained.

1.3. Animal studies 

Animal studies must be reported in accordance with the ARRIVE guidelines (Animals in Research: Reporting In Vivo Experiments, https://arriveguidelines.org/ ).

1.4. Communication Between Authors and the Editorial Office

All correspondence from Authors to the Editorial Office must be sent in writing via official e-mail or the  website: journal_or@mail.ru or www.reanimatology.com.

Manuscript submission is done in the Author's personal account after registration and login at the journal's website: www.reanimatology.com .

For inquiries regarding manuscript preparation, submission, peer review, or the current and final status of a submission, Authors may contact the Managing editor.

In the event of a dispute or withdrawal of a manuscript, Authors must submit a formal written statement to the Editor-in-Chief, clearly and concisely stating the nature of the issue and supporting arguments.

All editorial feedback, including reviewer comments and editorial decisions, will be sent to the Corresponding author designated to communicate with the Editorial team.

In the case of a direct conflict between the Author(s) and someone from the Editorial team, the issue shall be resolved by negotiation in accordance with the current legislation of the Russian Federation and applicable international regulations on the publication of medical research manuscripts.

Confirmation of decisions made between the Author(s) and the Editorial team shall be based on the following principles:

• The Editorial team assumes that the corresponding author represents the views and decisions of the entire group of co-authors.
• Copies of email correspondence and attached digital documents will be considered sufficient evidence of mutual decisions made by the Authors and the Editorial team.

2.1. Initial submission

Authors should submit a single Word file containing the complete manuscript.

Language of submission:

• Russian – for Russian-speaking authors
• English – for non-Russian-speaking authors

The file must include the following components:

• Title of the paper
• Full names of all authors
• Institutional affiliations of all authors
• Full manuscript text, including all sections
• Tables, figures, and photographs with captions and explanatory note
• Reference list

2.2. File Naming Format

Name the file using the first author's last name and the submission date in the format: LastName_YYYYMMDD.docx

For revised versions, only the date should be updated.

2.3. Manuscript Length

• Original article: approximately 40,000 characters with spaces
• Short communication: no more than 2,500 words
• Review or meta-analysis: between 25,000 and 40,000 characters with spaces

2.4. Title Page Information

• Title: must not exceed 12 words
• Authors: full names (e.g., Peter A. Johnson)
• Affiliations: full institutional names and postal addresses with zip code
• Corresponding author: full name, email address, and phone number

2.5. Structure of summary, body text, References

Summary (Abstract):

Must be between 250 and 300 words and structured into the following sections:

• Introduction (background / scope of the problem)
• Aim
• Materials and Methods
• Results
• Conclusion

Highlights (optional):

One to three main messages may be presented either in textual or infographic form. Text highlights should not exceed 40 words each.

Keywords:

6-8 keywords, separated by semicolons (;). Do not place a period at the end.

Post-keyword Informational Sections:

• Conflict of interest
• Study funding
• Acknowledgements (optional)
• Information about the Authors (ID, contributions) 

Body text:

• Introduction (Background)
• Materials and Methods
• Results
• Discussion
• Conclusion 

References:

• At least 70% of the references should be published within the last 5 years, and at least 30% within the last 3 years
• Number of references:
  • Original articles: 25 to 45
  • Short communications: 10 to 25
  • Reviews: 80 to 120

• Formatting: must comply with the "3.14. References" section

Illustrations (including tables):

• For original articles: up to 8
• For short communications: up to 3
• For reviews: up to 8

2.6. Formatting

• Font: Times New Roman, 12 pt
• Section headings: bold
• Line spacing: 5
• Paragraph formatting:
  • No extra space before or after paragraphs
  • One additional line between sections
  • First-line indent: 1.25 cm
• Margins: 2.5 cm on all sides
• Page numbers: bottom right corner of each page

3. Preparing Article Sections

3.1. Article Title

The title should be concise (up to 12 words) and accurately reflect the research conducted. It should not rely on data from other authors mentioned in the introduction or discussion. The first five words of the title play a crucial role in effective keyword-based searchability in databases and should therefore be highly specific. Titles should not begin with vague or general phrases such as “On the issue of using...”, “Development of a mathematical forecasting model...”, “Analysis of development mechanisms...”, and similar expressions. The inclusion of routine methods or models is discouraged, as is the use of a popular science style (e.g., interrogative constructions, jargon, or colloquial language such as “myth or reality,” “friends or foes,” “killer caspase,” etc.).

3.2. Author List

The list of authors must include only those who meet the authorship criteria recommended by the International Committee of Medical Journal Editors (ICMJE), which are:

• Substantial contributions to the conception or design of the work; or the acquisition, analysis, or interpretation of data.
• Drafting the article or revising it critically for important intellectual content.
• Final approval of the version to be published.
• Agreeing to take responsibility for all aspects of the work, and ensuring the accuracy or integrity of any part of the work.

Any changes in the list of authors (order, addition or removal of authors) must be communicated in writing to the Editorial Office by e-mail (journal_or@mail.ru), accompanied by a file stating the reason for the change and signed by all authors.

3.3. Author Affiliations

Affiliations indicate the institutional affiliations of the authors. Each affiliation is identified by a superscript number placed after each author's last name and before the name of their institution. The number assigned to each author must match the number placed in front of the associated institution. If an author is affiliated with more than one institution, each institution should be listed under a separate number as long as it is relevant to the research. The order of the institutional listing must correspond to the order of the authors.

Full official names and complete mailing addresses (including zip codes) of all institutions must be provided.

3.4. Summary (Abstract)

The abstract (summary) is the most frequently read section and should be 250–300 words long. Abbreviations and acronyms are discouraged, except for units of measurement, mathematical terms, and standardized terminology. The abstract must include four required sections:

1. Research objective;
2. Materials and methods;
3. Results (main data and their statistical significance);
4. Conclusion (findings based solely on the authors’ results or clinical observations)

3.5. Keywords

A maximum of 8 keywords should be provided for indexing in information retrieval systems. They are placed on the same page as the abstract, in italics, separated by semicolons, and without a period at the end. Effective keyword selection improves the searchability and citation of the article. It is recommended to repeat specific terms from the article’s title and use terms from the Medical Subject Headings (MeSH) thesaurus. Avoid rarely used vocabulary and long expressions that may hinder automated indexing.

3.6. Conflict of Interest Disclosure

This section should appear on the title page, after the abstract, under the heading "Conflict of Interest". If a potential conflict exists, its nature must be disclosed. All authors are required to disclose any financial or personal relationships with individuals or organizations that could influence their work (e.g., employment, consulting, stock ownership, honoraria, paid expert testimony, patent applications/registrations, grants, or other funding).

If there are no conflicts of interest, authors must explicitly state this.

3.7. Funding / Acknowledgments

This section follows the conflict of interest statement. It should identify the sources of funding (grants, sponsors, etc.) for the study. Individuals who contributed significantly to the work but do not meet the criteria for authorship may also be acknowledged here. Impersonal acknowledgments (i.e., those without full names, affiliations, and titles) are not useful to the individuals acknowledged because it cannot be included in personal bibliographic databases.

3.8. Author Information

This section precedes the Introduction and includes each author’s contribution to the article, along with their digital identifiers in major scientometric databases (e.g., RSCI, Scopus, ORCID, etc.).

3.9. Introduction

The introduction outlines the relevance of the study and provides an overview of the current state of the art, citing key publications. At the end of the introduction, the aim of the study is clearly stated, emphasizing the need for the research. The aim stated in the abstract should be exactly the same as that stated in the introduction.

3.10. Materials and Methods

This section should contain the inclusion and exclusion criteria for the study material and a rationale for the research methods chosen. If the study was conducted as part of a specific program, the name of the program should be provided. If the clinical and research components were conducted in different institutions, the name of the institution from which the research material was obtained must be provided.

Information on the informed consent of patients to participate in the study and to the publication of anonymized results must be provided. References to documents that regulate the use of laboratory animals and the conduct of experiments with them should be provided. In addition, the quantitative and qualitative characteristics of the patients/subjects or laboratory animals included in the study, the study design, and the clinical, laboratory, instrumental, experimental, and other methods used, including statistical methods for data analysis, should be described. If artificial intelligence (AI) was used in the preparation of the material, the name and version of the AI model(s) should be provided, along with details of the parts of the study to which the AI contributed.

When describing the research methods, the following should be included:

• Research design: Provide a detailed description of the study design.
• Location and duration: Indicate the location and time period during which the study was conducted.
• Inclusion and exclusion criteria: Include criteria for selection and exclusion of participants (for clinical trials).
• Randomization and blinding: If applicable, describe the randomization and blinding methods used (for randomized trials).
• Patient selection flowchart: Include a flowchart outlining the process for selecting patients for the study (for clinical trials).
• Statistical Methods: Provide sufficient detail about the statistical tests used, including the name and version of the statistical software package used, so that readers can reproduce the results using the original data.
• Study aim and hypothesis: Clearly state the research aim and hypothesis, as well as the endpoints of the study.
• Normality Test: State the method used to test the normality of the data distribution. For parametric methods, state whether the major statistical assumptions were met.
• Analysis of categorical variables: For low-frequency events, use Fisher's exact test or the asymptotic chi-squared test with appropriate corrections (e.g., Yates' correction). The standard chi-squared test should only be performed with a sufficiently large sample size and number of events.
• P Values: Report exact P values for statistical tests (for values less than 0.001, use the format "P <0.001"). Report P values in figure or table legends, clearly indicating the control groups.
• Sample size calculation: For prospective studies, describe the a priori sample size calculation. Power should be at least 80%.
• Reporting of quantitative variables: For the presentation of values of quantitative (continuous) variables, it is recommended to use the format mean ± SD (for normally distributed parameters) or medians and quartiles (Q1, Q3).

3.11. Results

This section is the heart of the manuscript. Results should be presented in a logical sequence using text, tables, and figures. Redundant presentation of the same data in both tables and figures is not allowed. Only the most important data from tables and figures should be referenced in the main text. The intended placement of each table or figure should be indicated in the manuscript with a blank line, centered, and labeled with the corresponding table or figure number.

It is common practice to use the active voice to describe the authors' own findings, while using impersonal constructions to report findings from other studies.

Examples of appropriate verb usage:

We found, we observed, we demonstrated, etc. - for reporting one's own findings; It was found, was observed, was demonstrated, etc. - for the results of other authors.

3.12. Discussion

The section should interpret the author's own findings and assess their significance in the context of relevant data from other researchers. It should avoid repeating background information already presented in the Introduction or detailed data from the Results section. This section must address the limitations of the study and its practical implications. If appropriate, evidence-based recommendations may be included.

3.13. Conclusion

The section should present conclusions drawn from the authors' own data. It should be concise and avoid simply listing the results.

3.14. References

Novelty of sources

The discussion of research findings and the formulation of conclusions must be based on current scientific evidence. Therefore, it is recommended that at least 70% of the sources cited be published within the last five years, and no less than 30% within the last three years. An over-reliance on references older than ten years diminishes the relevance of the article and may significantly reduce its citation potential, as the analysis may not reflect current scientific perspectives.

Diversity and quantity of sources

A comprehensive and impartial discussion of the topic requires a broad and diverse range of sources, including both domestic and international publications. This diversity enhances the analytical depth and objectivity of the manuscript. Authors are encouraged to include references from a wide range of leading national journals in the relevant field to avoid bias resulting from the editorial policies of individual publications. The same recommendation applies to the international literature.

The suggested number of references is based on expert consensus regarding the amount of material necessary to adequately present the topic in the introduction, support a thorough discussion of the results, and justify the conclusions.

Recommended number of references by article type

• Original research articles: 25-45 references
• Short communications: 10-25 references
• Review articles: 80-120 references

Unacceptable sources

The following types of references are not permitted in the bibliography:

• Dissertations and dissertation abstracts whose main content is presented in the publications listed in the bibliography of the abstract. References to these published works are considered more appropriate. An exception is made for dissertations that include unpublished parts of the research. In such cases, when citing the dissertation, the author must clearly indicate that the referenced material has not been previously published.
• Conference abstracts that are generally considered preliminary or final summaries of work in progress unless they present original results that have not been published elsewhere or contain substantial preliminary results that are later developed in the article.
• Textbooks and dictionaries because they are educational rather than scientific in nature, synthesize data from individual articles and monographs without incorporating the most recent scientific findings. Citing the original sources referenced in textbooks is a more accurate and effective way to support scientific claims and allows for more precise topic-specific literature searches.

These guidelines are consistent with internationally accepted standards for scholarly referencing.

The reference list should follow all sections of the manuscript and be preceded by two line breaks. Each source must begin on a new line and be numbered consecutively in the order in which it is cited in the text – not alphabetically by author's last name.

When individual authors are mentioned in the text, their initials should precede their surnames. In-text citations should be indicated by Arabic numerals in square brackets (e.g., [1], [2]). For online sources, the full URL (Uniform Resource Locator) must be provided in the following format: protocol://hostname/filename.

The format for each reference should follow this order:

• Author(s): if there are seven or fewer, list all authors; if there are more than seven, list the first seven followed by et al.
• Title of the article or book.
• Publication details.
• If editors or compilers are cited instead of authors, their names should be followed by (ed.).

Here are specific formats for citing various types of references.

When citing a book:

Author(s). Title of the Book. Edition (if not the first). Place of publication: Publisher; Year: page range. ISBN.

Example: Murray PR, Rosenthal KS, Pfaller MA. Medical Microbiology. 9th ed. Philadelphia: Elsevier; 2020:15–35. ISBN: 9780323674508.

When citing a book chapter:

Author(s) of the chapter. Title of the chapter. In: Editor(s), ed(s). Title of the Book. Edition (if applicable). Place of publication: Publisher; Year: page range. ISBN.

Example: Kumar V, Abbas AK, Aster JC. Inflammation and Repair. In: Kumar V, Abbas AK, Aster JC, eds. Robbins and Cotran Pathologic Basis of Disease. 10th ed. Philadelphia: Elsevier; 2021:69–110. ISBN: 9780323531139.

When citing an electronic book:

Author(s). Title of the Book. Edition. [eBook]. Place of publication: Publisher; Year. Available from: URL. Accessed [date].

Example: Hall JE. Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology. 14th ed. [eBook]. Philadelphia: Elsevier; 2020. Available from: https://www.clinicalkey.com. Accessed April 15, 2025.

For non-English works, provide transliterated title (italicized) and add translation in brackets if necessary.

In references to journal articles, the authors' last names and initials must be italicized (see the rules described above for listing authors by number). The article title is followed by the journal title – also italicized – then the year, volume (using Arabic numerals only), issue number, and page range (from-to). Each of the following elements – article title and journal title – should be followed by a period.

Abbreviated titles of international journals should follow the nomenclature used in PubMed (see examples). At the end of each reference, include the article's DOI and PMID (if available). These identifiers provide access to the original source with a full list of authors and can be obtained from the PubMed website: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/.

If the identifiers are not listed in PubMed, they can be found at: http://www.ncbi.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db

http://www.crossref.org/guestquery/

Example: Brunkhorst F.M., Engel C., Bloos F., Meier-Hellmann A., Ragaller M., Weiler N., Moerer O., Gruendling M., Oppert M., Grond S., Olthoff D., Jaschinski U., John S., Rossaint R., Welte T., Schaefer M., Kern P., Kuhnt E., Kiehntopf M., Hartog C., Natanson C., Loeffler M., Reinhart K. German Competence Network Sepsis (SepNet). Intensive insulin therapy and pentastarch resuscitation in severe sepsis. N Engl J Med. 2008; 358 (2): 125–139. http://dx.doi.org/10.1056/NEJMoa070716. PMID: 1818495

3.15. Supplementary materials (if available)

4. Use of Measurement Units and Formulas

All measurements must be reported using the International System of Units (SI). Temperatures should be reported in degrees Celsius.

Formulas must clearly distinguish all components, including uppercase and lowercase letters, Latin and Greek symbols, and subscript and superscript indices. For characters that may be visually similar (e.g., the number "0" and the letter "O"), appropriate clarification must be provided.

5. Formatting Names

When describing medical or laboratory equipment, the manufacturer's name and country of origin should be given in parentheses.

Example: Light probe of the single-channel device LACC-02 (NPP "LAZMA", Russia).

When referring to drugs and pharmaceuticals, use the International Nonproprietary Name (INN). If a proprietary (brand) name is mentioned, it should be followed by the manufacturer's name and the corresponding INN.

Example: Tarivid (ofloxacin, Hoechst Marion Roussel).

Latin names of microorganisms must follow current taxonomic classification and be in italics. The first mention must use the full binomial name (genus and species); subsequent mentions may abbreviate the genus to its initial letter.

Examples:

Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus, Streptomyces lividans → E. coli, S. aureus, S. lividans

Names of genetic elements should be in lowercase Latin letters in italics (e.g., tet), while the proteins or products they encode should be in uppercase Roman letters (e.g., TET).

6. Formatting Tables and Figures

Tables should complement the text without duplicating it. Each table should be numbered consecutively according to its first appearance in the text and should have a concise title in bold above the table. If the manuscript contains only one table, it should be presented without a number. Each row and column should have a short, descriptive heading. Abbreviations may be used provided they are defined either in the Materials and Methods section or in a footnote below the table. The footnote should also include any necessary explanations and the statistical criteria used to determine significance.

Illustrations (graphs, charts, photographs, drawings, and diagrams) should not be overloaded with textual annotations. Numbering, titles, and footnotes for figures follow the same formatting rules as tables, except that the figure number and title are placed below the figure, followed by the footnote. Statistical criteria for significance may be included either in the footnote or directly in the figure box.

Captions for microphotographs must include the magnification and staining method, if applicable. Axes of graphs must be clearly labeled. For figures, all elements and symbols (e.g., arrows, circles) should be explained. To enhance the readability of the data, similar figures should be grouped and labeled with letters (a, b, c, d, etc.), arranged in a single figure box, and formatted as a composite figure. If necessary, the footnote may include descriptions for each labeled component. In such grouped figures, the legend should be provided only once.

Examples of properly formatted tables and figures can be found in back issues of the journal on the website www.reanimatology.com in the "Archive" section.

If the manuscript is accepted for consideration, the following file formats must be submitted separately:

• Text-based flowcharts: Word
• Graphs and diagrams: Excel or PowerPoint
• Drawings: PowerPoint
• Photographs: JPEG

Scanning resolution requirements:

• Line art and illustrations (drawings): 1200 dpi
• Photographs or X-rays without text: 300 dpi minimum
• Photographs or X-rays with text: 600 dpi minimum.

7. Documents Accompanying Manuscript

Cover Letter Format:

To:

Editor-in-Chief of the journal General Reanimatology,

Honored Scientist of the Russian Federation,

Corresponding Member of the Russian Academy of Sciences,

Professor Viktor V. Moroz

Dear Professor Moroz,

We kindly ask you to consider the possibility of publishing [type of manuscript; full names of all authors; title of the manuscript] in the journal General Reanimatology.

The authors confirm that they have read and agreed with the Instructions for Authors of the journal General Reanimatology and that the manuscript complies with the rules for preparation, submission and publication.

This manuscript does not duplicate any previously published work, does not violate the rights of any third party, and conforms to accepted ethical standards of scientific publishing.

Corresponding author:

Full name of one of the authors

Email: [email address]

Phone: [Contact Number]

Signature of Institutional Official

Note: The cover letter must be printed on the official letterhead of the institution where the research was conducted.

8. Upon Manuscript Acceptance

If the authors choose to translate the article into Russian, they must ensure that the final version follows proper conventions: first names must be included; the addresses content  should be listed in reverse order (country, zip, city, street, bldg №); the street names should be transliterated. Fully automated machine translations from English to  Russian will not be accepted due to their low quality.

The pictures should be provided as separate files in the following formats: text flowcharts as Word files, graphs and charts as Excel or Power Point files, figures as Power Point files and photos as jpeg files. 

 Scanning resolution:

Figures and other line-based images - 1200 dpi;

Photographs, radiographs - at least 300 dpi;

Photographs, radiographs with text - at least 600 dpi.

Permission for publication of the final, edited version must be obtained from the corresponding author. After reviewing the proofs, the corresponding author must send an email to the Editorial Office using one of the following templates:

• The authors* agree to the publication of the manuscript** in its current form.
• The authors* agree to the publication of the manuscript** with the following corrections to the galley proofs: ... (List corrections with page number, paragraph number, line number, and corrected text).

* Full list of authors must be provided.

** Full title of the manuscript must be provided.

The deadline for notifying the Editorial Office of the authors' approval is no more than two days from the date of sending the galley proofs to the corresponding author. In case of delay, the article will be published in its current version.

At the galley stage, only typographical, numerical, and printing errors may be corrected. Substantive editing (e.g., replacing, removing, or adding sentences, paragraphs, or illustrations; improving style) is not permitted.