Сепсис-ассоциированная энцефалопатия (обзор)

Результаты международных исследований указывают на ежегодный рост частоты и актуальности сепсиса в реанимационных отделениях. Одним из наиболее ранних признаков, а также частым осложнением сепсиса является дисфункция мозга или так называемая сепсис-ассоциированная энцефалопатия (SAE). До 70% больных с сепсисом имеют симптомы энцефалопатии [1, 2]. Особое беспокойство вызывает факт прямой связи SAE с повышенной летальностью, а среди выживших после сепсиса более половины имеют длительные когнитивные расстройства, нарушения памяти и концентрации внимания [3—5]. Диагностика дисфункции мозга при сепсисе часто затруднена из-за отсутствия специфических биомаркеров, а также в связи с частым применением седативных препаратов у критических больных. Клинические проявления SAE разнообразны, могут варьировать от простого недомогания и недостатка концентрации внимания до глубокой комы. В литературе обсуждаются предполагаемые механизмы формирования и развития септической энцефалопатии, такие как окислительный стресс, воспаление, митохондриальная и эндотелиальная дисфункция, увеличение проницаемости гематоэнцефалического барьера, нарушения макро- и микроциркуляции, изменение нейротрансмиссии, активация микроглии. Отсутствие четких данных и единого мнения о происхождении и механизмах SAE в настоящее время не позволяет прогнозировать ее развитие и проводить специальную терапию. В обзоре обсуждаются современные представления о причинах развития септической энцефалопатии, методах диагностики, рассмотрены основные клинические проявления, ключевые медиаторы, патофизиологические механизмы. Предложена гипотеза о роли ароматических микробных метаболитов (АММ) фенольной и индольной природы — продуктов бактериальной биодеградации тирозина и триптофана — в развитии дисфункции мозга, намечены направления поисковых исследований, открывающие перспективы в диагностике и новые подходы в лечении SAE.

сепсис, мозг, делирий, энцефалопатия, биомаркеры

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