Патогенез, прогнозирование и исходы синдрома полиорганной недостаточности у новорожденных (обзор)

Синдром полиорганной недостаточности (СПОН) является ведущей причиной летальности новорожденных в отделениях реанимации и интенсивной терапии. Распространенность СПОН у новорожденных сегодня точно не известна, так как его частота различается при асфиксии, сепсисе, у недоношенных новорожденных, при сочетанной патологии и зависит от уровня развития и финансирования здравоохранения в разных станах. В структуре причин СПОН у данной категории пациентов ведущее место занимают сепсис и острый респираторный дистресс синдром.

Цель обзора. Обобщить имеющиеся литературные данные о патогенезе, терапевтических стратегиях и исходах синдрома полиорганной недостаточности у новорожденных.

Материалы и методы. Поиск информации проводили по базам данных PubMed, Scopus, Webof-science, РИНЦ по следующим ключевым словам: newborns, multipleorganfailure, etiology, pathogenesis, premature, diagnosis, treatment, respiratorysupport, cardiotonicsupport, без языковых ограничений. Для анализа выбрали 144 источника с полным доступом к тексту, 70% которых были опубликованы в течение последних пяти лет, а 50% — в течение последних трех лет. Критерием исключения источников служили малая информативность и устаревшие данные.

Результаты. Распространенность СПОН у новорожденных сегодня точно не известна. Это обусловлено тем, что также как у взрослых пациентов, СПОН у новорожденных может сопутствовать разным заболеваниям, поэтому его частота не одинакова при асфиксии, сепсисе, у недоношенных новорожденных, при сочетанной патологии. Точные данные о летальности новорожденных при СПОН не установлены, однако по некоторым данным она может достигать 13-50%.

У новорожденных этиология СПОН имеет свои особенности — патологический процесс чаще всего инициируется двумя основными причинами — интранатальной/постнатальной асфиксией и сепсисом, однако, на его течение нередко влияют интранатальные факторы: чаще всего это внутриутробные инфекции и острое нарушение плацентарного кровотока.

Ключевым звеном патогенеза СПОН у новорожденных является цитокинемия, которая запускает универсальные механизмы критического состояния. Попытки выделить различные клинические траектории критического состояния у разной категории пациентов привели к открытию фенотипов СПОН, имеющих особенности системного воспалительного ответа. Данное научное направление является весьма перспективным для создания новых классов препаратов и индивидуальных лечебных траекторий у новорожденных со СПОН, обусловленным разной нозологией.

В прогнозировании исходов СПОН у новорожденных в практической деятельности используется шкала pSOFA, однако у недоношенных детей с низкой массой тела высокой валидностью обладает шкала nSOFA.

Поражение центральной нервной системы является ведущим негативным исходом, ассоциированным со СПОН у новорожденных, причем среди факторов, влияющих на риск его развития как у доношенных, так и недоношенных детей, ключевыми являются гестационный возраст и своевременность начала лечебных мероприятий.

Заключение. Перспективными направлениями исследования патофизиологии СПОН в неонатологии являются изучение клеточных мессенджеров воспаления, фенотипов СПОН, митохондриальной недостаточности и иммунитета у новорожденных детей, находящихся в критическом состоянии с СПОН, обусловленным разной нозологией. В прогнозировании исходов СПОН у доношенных новорожденных целесообразно использовать шкалу pSOFA, а у недоношенных детей с низкой массой тела — шкалу nSOFA.

1. Kausch S.L., Lobo J.M., Spaeder M.C., Sullivan B., Keim-Malpass J. Dynamic transitions of pediatric sepsis: a Markov Chain analysis. Front Pediatr. 2021; 9: 743544. DOI: 10.3389/fped.2021.743544. PMID: 34660494.

2. Delaplain P.T., Ehwerhemuepha L., Nguyen D.V., Di Nardo M., Jancelewicz T, Awa,n S., Yu P.T., Guner Y.S. ELSO CDH Interest Group. The development of multiorgan dysfunction in CDH-ECMO neonates is associated with the level of pre-ECMO support. J Pediatr Surg. 2020; 55 (5): 830-834. DOI: 10.1016/j.jpedsurg.2020.01.026. PMID: 32067809.

3. Salem S.M., Graham R.J. Chronic illness in pediatric critical care. Front Pedia.tr. 2021; 9: 686206. DOI: 10.3389/fped.2021.686206. PMID: 34055702.

4. Skillman J.J., Bushnell L.S., Goldman H., Silen W. Respiratory failure, hypotension, sepsis, and jaundice. A clinical syndrome associated with lethal hemorrhage from acute stress ulceration of the stomach. Am J Surg. 1969; 117 (4): 523-530. DOI: 10.1016/0002-9610(69)90011-7. PMID: 5771525.

5. Tilney N.L., Bailey G.L., Morgan A.P. Sequential system failure after rupture of abdominal aortic aneurysms: an unsolved problem in postoperative care. Ann Surg. 1973; 178 (2): 117-122. DOI: 10.1097/00000658-197308000-00001. PMID: 4723419.

6. Baue A.E. Multiple, progressive, or sequential systems failure. A syndrome of the 1970s. Arch Surg. 1975; 110 (7): 779-781. DOI: 10.1001/archsurg.1975.01360130011001. PMID: 1079720.

7. Eiseman B., Beart R., Norton L. Multiple organ failure. Surg Gynecol Obstet. 1977; 144: 323-326. DOI: 10.1016/s0140-6736(77)90070-8.

8. Петрова Е.О., Григорьев Е.В. Полиорганная недостаточность в практике педиатрической реаниматологии: обновленные патофизиология и прогноз. Фундаментальная и клиническая медицина. 2017; 2 (3): 82-87. DOI: 10.23946/2500-0764-2017-2-3-82-87.

9. Радивилко А.С., Григорьев Е.В., Шукевич Д.Л., Плотников Г.П. Прогнозирование и ранняя диагностика полиорганной недостаточности. Анестезиология и реаниматология.2018; 6: 15-21. DOI: 10.17116/anaesthesiology 201806115.

10. Rr P, Tan E.E.K, Sulta.na R., Thoon K.C., Chan M.-Y., Lee J.H., Wong J.J-M. Critical illness epidemiology and mortality risk in pediatric oncology. Pediatr Blood Cancer. 2020; 67 (6): e28242. DOI: 10.1002/pbc.28242. PMID: 32187445.

11. Watson R.S., Crow S.S., Hartman M.E., Lacroix J., Odetola F.O. Epidemiology and outcomes of pediatric multiple organ dysfunction syndrome. Pediatr Crit Care Med. 2017; 18 (3_suppl Suppl 1): S4-S16. DOI: 10.1097/PCC.0000000000001047. PMID: 28248829.

12. Tamburro R.F., Jenkins T.L. Multiple organ dysfunction syndrome: a challenge for the pediatric critical care community. Pediatr Crit Care Med. 2017; 18 (3_suppl Suppl 1): S1-S3. DOI: 10.1097/PCC.0000000000001044. PMID: 28248828.

13. Wilkinson J.D., Pollack M.M., Glass N.L., Kanter R.K., Katz R.W., Steinhart C.M. Mortality associated with multiple organ system failure and sepsis in pediatric intensive care unit. J Pediatr. 1987; 111 (3): 324-328. DOI: 10.1016/s0022-3476(87)80448-1. PMID: 3625400.

14. Proulx F, Fayon M, Farrell CA., Lacroix J., Gauthier M. Epidemiology of sepsis and multiple organ dysfunction syndrome in children. Chest. 1996; 109 (4): 1033-1037. DOI: 10.1378/chest.109.4.1033. PMID: 8635327.

15. Goldstein B., Giroir B., Randolph A. International pediatric sepsis consensus conference: definitions for sepsis and organ dysfunction in pediatrics. Pediatr Crit Care Med.2005; 6 (1): 2-8. DOI: 10.1097/01.pcc.0000149131.72248.e6. PMID: 15636651.

16. Menon K., Schlapbach L.J., Akech S., Argent A., Chiotos K., Chisti M.J., Hamid J., Ishimine P., Kissoon N., Lodha R., Oliveira C.F., Peters M., Tissieres P., Watson R.S., Wiens M.O., Wynn J.L., Sorce L.R. Pediatric sepsis definition - a systematic review protocol by the Pediatric Sepsis Definition Taskforce. Crit Care Explor. 2020; 2 (6): e0123. DOI: 10.1097/CCE.0000000000000123. PMID: 32695992.

17. Ames S.G., Davis B.S., Angus D.C., Carcillo J.A., Kahn J.M. Hospital variation in risk-adjusted pediatric sepsis mortality. Pediatr Crit Care Med. 2018; 19 (5): 390-396. DOI: 10.1097/PCC.0000000000001502. PMID: 29461429.

18. Evans I.V.R., Phillips G.S., Alpern E.R., Angus D.C., Friedrich M.E., Kissoon N., Lemeshow S., Levy M.M., Parker M.M., Terry K.M., Watson R.S., Weiss S.L., Zimmerman J., Seymour, C. W. Association between the New York sepsis care mandate and in-hospital mortality for pediatric sepsis. JAMA.2018; 320 (4): 358-367. DOI: 10.1001/jama.2018.9071. PMID: 30043064.

19. Prout A.J, Talisa V.B., Carcillo J.A., Mayr F.B., Angus D.C., Seymour C.W., Chang C.-C. H., Yende S. Children with chronic disease bear the highest burden of pediatric sepsis. J Pediatr. 2018; 199; 194-199.e1. DOI: 10.1016/j.jpeds.2018.03.056. PMID: 29753542.

20. Weiss S.L., Asaro LA., Flori H.R., Allen G.L., Wypij D., Curley MA.Q. Randomized Evaluation of Sedation Titration for Respiratory Failure (RESTORE) Study Investigators. Multiple organ dysfunction in children mechanically ventilated for acute respiratory failure. Pediatr Crit Care Med. 2017; 18 (4): 319-329. DOI: 10.1097/PCC.0000000000001091. PMID: 28212163.

21. Yang Y-.H., Pei L., Wang L.-J., Xu W., Liu C.-F. Features of new-onset organ dysfunction in children with sepsis. Zhongguo Dang Dai Er Ke ZaZhi. 2019; 21 (6): 517-521. (in Chinese). DOI: 10.7499/j.issn.1008-8830.2019.06.004. PMID: 31208502.

22. Workman J.K., Larsen G.Y. Searching for a pediatric severe sepsis phenotype: are we there yet? Pediatr Crit Care Med. 2017; 18 (1): 82-83. DOI: 10.1097/PCC.0000000000001003. PMID: 28060154.

23. Cano-Vazquez E.N., Canto-Pacheco G.G., Valdez-Cabrera C., Castro-Betancourt S., Monroy-Azuara M.G., Arciga-Vazquez G.S., Mendez-Martinez S. Itoponina I, creatina-fosfocinasa y creatina-fosfocinasa-MB enreciennacidos con sospecha de asfixia neonatal [Troponin I, creatine-phosphokinase and creatine-phosphokinase-MB in newborns with suspected neonatal asphyxia]. Rev Med Inst Mex Seguro Soc. 2020; 58 (6): 673-678. (in Spanish). DOI: 10.24875/RMIMSS.M20000100. PMID: 34705399.

24. Boldingh A.M., Solevag A.L., Nakstad B. Outcomes following neonatal cardiopulmonary resuscitation. Tidsskr Nor Laegeforen. 2018; 138 (9). DOI: 10.4045/tidsskr.17.0358. PMID: 29808658.

25. Алимова Х.П., Мустакимов А.А., Алибекова М.Б. Полиорганная недостаточность у детей: критерии диагностики, патофизиология и прогноз. Вестник экстренной медицины. 2019; 6: 92-97.

26. Meert K.L., Banks R., Holubkov R., Pollack M.M. Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development Collaborative Pediatric Critical Care Research Network. Morbidity and mortality in critically ill children. II. A Qualitative patient-level analysis of pathophysiologies and potential therapeutic solutions. Crit Care Med. 2020; 48 (6): 799-807. DOI: 10.1097/CCM.0000000000004332. PMID: 32301845.

27. Weiss S.L., Peters M.J., Alhazzani W., Agus M.SD., Flori H.R., Inwald D.P., Nadel S., Schlapbach L.J., Tasker R.C., Argent A.C., Brierley J., Carcillo J., Carrol E.D., Carroll C.L., Cheifetz I.M., Choong K., Cies J.J., Cruz A.T., De Luca D., Deep A., Faust S.N., De Oliveira C.F., Hall M.W., Ishimine P., Javouhey E., Joosten K.F.M., Joshi P., Karam O., Kneyber M.C.J, Lemson J., MacLaren G., Mehta N.M., Moller M.H., Newth C.J.L., Nguyen T.C., Nishisaki A., Nunnally M.E., Parker M.M., Paul R.M., Randolph A.G., Ranjit S., Romer L.H., Scott H.F., Tume L.N., Verger J.T., Williams E.A., Wolf J., Wong H.R., Zimmerman J.J., Kissoon N. , Tissieres P. Surviving sepsis campaign international guidelines for the management of septic shock and sepsis-associated organ dysfunction in children. Intensive Care Med. 2020; 46 (Suppl 1): 10-67. DOI: 10.1007/s00134-019-05878-6. PMID: 32030529.

28. Fleiss N., Coggins S.A., Lewis A.N., Zeigler A., Cooksey K.E., Walker L.A., Husain AN., de Jong B.S., Wallman-Stokes A., Alrifai M.W., Visser D.H., Good M., Sullivan B., Polin R.A., Martin C.R., Wynn J.L. Evaluation of the neonatal sequential organ failure assessment and mortality risk in preterm infants with late-onset infection. JAMA Netw Open. 2021; 4 (2): e2036518. DOI: 10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2020.36518. PMID: 33538825.

29. Перепелица С.А. Этиологические и патогенетические перинатальные факторы развития внутриутробных инфекций у новорожденных (обзор). Общая реаниматология. 2018; 14 (3): 54-67. DOI: 10.15360/1813-9779-2018-3-54-67.

30. Перепелица С.А. Острый респираторный дистресс-синдром у недоношенных новорожденных (морфологическое исследование). Общая реаниматология. 2020; 16 (1): 35-44. DOI: 10.15360/1813-9779-2020-1-35-44.

31. Миночкин П.И., Чернышков А.В., Назаров Р.Г. Длительная вентиляция легких у детей, перенесших полиорганную недостаточность в раннем неонатальном периоде. Анестезиология и реаниматология. 2021; 1: 32-38. DOI: 10.17116/anaesthesiology202101132.

32. Matics T.J., Pinto N.P., Sanchez-Pinto L.N. Association of organ dysfunction scores and functional outcomes following pediatric critical illness. Pediatr Crit Care Med. 2019; 20 (8): 722-727. DOI: 10.1097/PCC.0000000000001999. PMID: 31398181.

33. Choong K., Fraser D., Al-Harbi S., Borham A., Cameron J., Cameron S., Cheng J., Clark H., Doherty T., Fayed N., Gorter J. W., Herridge M., Khetani M., Menon K., Seabrook J., Simpson R., ThabaneL. Functional recovery in critically ill children, the «WeeCover» multicenter study. Pediatr Crit Care Med. 2018; 19 (2): 145-154. DOI: 10.1097/PCC.0000000000001421.PMID:29394221.

34. Upperman J.S., Lacroix J., Curley M.A.Q., Checchia P.A., Lee D.W., Cooke K.R., Tamburro R.F. Specific etiologies associated with the multiple organ dysfunction syndrome in children: part 1. Pediatr Crit Care Med. 2017; 18 (3_suppl Suppl 1): S50-S57. DOI: 10.1097/PCC.0000000000001048. PMID: 28248834.

35. Upperman J.S., Bucuvalas J.C., Williams F.N., Cairns B.A., Cox C.S.Jr., Doctor A., Tamburro R.F. Specific etiologies associated with the multiple organ dysfunction syndrome in children: part 2. Pediatr Crit Care Med. 2017; 18 (3_suppl Suppl 1): S58-S66. DOI: 10.1097/PCC.0000000000001051. PMID: 28248835.

36. Skurupii D.A., Sonnyk E.G., Sizonenko V.M. Multiorgan failure syndrome in newborns: role of social and anatomico-functional features (literature review). Wiad Lek.2018; 71 (3 pt 2): 777-780. PMID: 29783266.

37. Liszewski M.C., Stanescu A.L., Phillips G.S., Lee E.Y. Respiratory distress in neonates: underlying causes and current imaging assessment. Radiol Clin North Am. 2017; 55 (4): 629-644. DOI: 10.1016/j.rcl.2017.02.006. PMID: 28601172.

38. Procianoy R.S., Silveira R.C. The challenges of neonatal sepsis management. J Pediatr (Rio J). 2020; 96 (1): 80-86. DOI: 10.1016/j.jped.2019.10.004.

39. Ostrander B., Bale J.F. Congenital and perinatal infections. Handb Clin Neurol.2019; 162: 133-153. DOI: 10.1016/B978-0-444-64029-I.00006-0. PMID: 31324308.

40. Jung E., Romero R., Yeo L., Diaz-Primera R., Marin-Concha J., Para R., Lopez A.M., Pacora P., Gomez-Lopez N., Yoon B.H., Kim C.J., Berry S.M., Hsu C.D. The fetal inflammatory response syndrome: the origins of a concept, pathophysiology, diagnosis, and obstetrical implications. Semin Fetal Neonatal Med. 2020; 25 (4): 101146. DOI: 10.1016/j.siny.2020.101146. PMID: 33164775.

41. Abate B.B., Bimerew M., Gebremichael B., Kassie A.M., Kassaw M., Gebremeskel T., Bayih W.A. Effects of therapeutic hypothermia on death among asphyxiated neonates with hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized control trials. PLoS One. 2021; 16 (2): e0247229. DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0247229. PMID: 33630892.

42. Gulczynska E.M., Gadzinowski J., Kesiak M., Sobolewska B., Caputa J., Maczko A., Walas W., Cedrowska-Adamus W., Talar T. Therapeutic hypothermia in asphyxiated newborns: selective head cooling vs. whole body cooling — comparison of short term outcomes. Ginekol Pol 2019; 90 (7): 403-410. DOI: 10.5603/GP.2019.0069. PMID: 31392710.

43. Bhagat I., Sarkar S. Multiple organ dysfunction during therapeutic cooling of asphyxiated infants. Neoreviews. 2019; 20 (11): e653-e660. DOI: 10.1542/neo.20-11-e653. PMID: 31676739.

44. Steinberg S., Flynn W., Kelley K., Bitzer L., Sharma P., Gutierrez C., Baxter J., Lalka D., Sands A., van Liew J. Development of a bacteria-independent model of the multiple organ failure syndrome. Arch Surg. 1989; 124 (12): 1390-1395. DOI: 10.1001/archsurg.1989.01410120036008. PMID: 2589963.

45. Carcillo J.A., Korzekwa K.R, Jones G.S., Parise R.A., Gillespie D.G., Whalen M.J., Kochanek P.M., Branch R.A., Kost Jr C.K. The cytochrome P450 suicide inhibitor, 1-aminobenzotriazole, sensitizes rats to zymosan-induced toxicity. Res Commun Mol Pathol Pharmacol. 1998; 102 (1): 57-68. PMID: 9920346.

46. Whitmore L.C., Goss K.L., Newell E.A., Hilkin B.M., Hook J.S., Moreland J.G. NOX2 protects against progressive lung injury and multiple organ dysfunction syndrome. Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol.2014; 307 (1): L71-82. DOI: 10.1152/ajplung.00054.2014. PMID: 24793165.

47. Carcillo J.A., Podd B., Aneja R., Weiss S.L., Hall M.W., Cornell T.T., Shanley T.P., Doughty L.A., Nguyen T.C. Pathophysiology of pediatric multiple organ dysfunction syndrome. Pediatr Crit Care Med. 2017; 18 (3_suppl Suppl 1): S32-s45. DOI: 10.1097/PCC.0000000000001052. PMID: 28248832.

48. Carcillo J.A., Doughty L., Kofos D., Frye R.F., Kaplan S.S., Sasser H., Burckart G.J. Cytochrome P450 mediated-drug metabolism is reduced in children with sepsis-induced multiple organ failure. Intensive Care Med. 2003; 29 (6): 980-984. DOI: 10.1007/s00134-003-1758-3. PMID: 12698250.

49. Morgan E.T., Skubic C., Lee C.-M., Cokan K.B., Rozman D. Regulation of cytochrome P450 enzyme activity and expression by nitric oxide in the context of inflammatory disease. Drug Metab Rev. 2020; 52 (4): 455-471. DOI: 10.1080/03602532.2020.1817061. PMID: 32898444.

50. Odabasi I.O., Bulbul A. Neonatal sepsis. Sisli Etfal Hastan Tip Bul. 2020; 54 (2): 142-158. DOI: 10.14744/SEMB.2020.00236. PMID: 32617051.

51. Дмитриева И.Б., Белобородова Н.В., Черневская Е.А. Биомаркеры прокальцитонин и белок S100p в клинико-лабораторном мониторинге при критических состояниях новорожденных. Общая реаниматология. 2013; 9 (3): 58. DOI: 10.15360/1813-9779-2013-3-58.

52. Голуб И.Е., Зарубин А.А., Михеева Н.И., Ваняркина А.С., Иванова О.Г. Влияние тяжелой асфиксии в родах на систему гемостаза у новорожденных в течении первого часа жизни. Общая реаниматология. 2017; 13 (1): 17-23. DOI: 10.15360/1813-9779-2017-1-17-23.

53. Nandy A., Mondal T., Sarkar M., Nag S.S., Chel S., Ivan D.M., Hazra A., Mondal R. Multiorgan dysfunction syndrome in sepsis: Is macrophage activation syndrome secondary to infection? Eur J Rheumatol. 2020; 8 (2): 89-92. DOI: 10.5152/eurjrheum.2020.20081. PMID: 33226328.

54. Ho J., Zhang L., Liu X., Wong S.H., Wang M.H.T., Lau B.W.M., Ngai S.P.C., Chan H., Choi G., Leung C.H., Wong W.T., Tsang S., Gin T., Yu J., Chan M.T.V., Wu W.K.K. Pathological role and diagnostic value of endogenous host defense peptides in adult and neonatal sepsis: a systematic review. Shock. 2017; 47 (6): 673-679. DOI: 10.1097/SHK.0000000000000815. PMID: 27941592.

55. Ahmed A.M., Mohammed A.T., Bastawy S., Attalla H.A., Yousef A.A., Abdelrazek M.S., Alkomos M.F., Ghareeb A. Serum biomarkers for the early detection of the early-onset neonatal sepsis: a single-center prospective study. Adv Neonatal Care. 2019; 19 (5): 26-32. DOI: 10.1097/ANC.0000000000000631. PMID: 31651475.

56. Pietrasanta C., Pugni L., Ronchi A., Bottino I., Ghirardi B., Sanchez-Schmitz G., Borriello F., Mosca F., Levy O. Vascular endothelium in neonatal sepsis: basic mechanisms and translational opportunities. Front Pediatr. 2019; 7: 340. DOI: 10.3389/fped.2019.00340. PMID: 31456998.

57. Song Y., Chen Y., Dong X., Jiang X. Diagnostic value of neutrophil CD64 combined with CRP for neonatal sepsis: a meta-analysis. Am J Emerg Med. 2019; 37 (8): 1571-1576. DOI: 10.1016/j.ajem.2019.05.001. PMID: 31085013.

58. Sharma A., Thakur A., Bhardwaj C., Neelam K., Garg P., Singh M., Choudhury S. Potential biomarkers for diagnosing neonatal sepsis. Curr. Med. Res. Pract. 2020; 10: 12-17. DOI: 10.1016/j.cmrp.2019.12.004.

59. Gandhi P., Kondekar S. A Review of the different haematological parameters and biomarkers used for diagnosis of neonatal sepsis. EMJ Hematol. 2019; 7: 85-92.

60. Eggimann P., Que Y.A., Rebeaud F. Measurement of pancreatic stone protein in the identification and management of sepsis. Biomark. Med. 2019; 13 (2): 135-145. DOI: 10.2217/bmm-2018-0194. PMID: 30672312.

61. ELMeneza S., Fouad R., El Bagoury I. Pancreatic stone protein as a novel marker for early onset neonatal sepsis. Edelweiss Pediatrics J. 2019; 1: 1-4.

62. Zhang X., Sun C., Li J. Serum sICAM-1 and PCT levels and their prognostic value in neonates with sepsis. Int. J. Clin. Exp. Med. 2019; 12 (5): 5874-5880.

63. Achten N.B., Van Meurs M., Jongman R.M., Juliana A., Molema G., Plotz F.B., Zonneveld R. Markers of endothelial cell activation in suspected late onset neonatal sepsis in Surinamese newborns: a pilot study. Transl. Pediatr. 2019; 8 (5): 412-418. DOI: 10.21037/tp.2019.11.03. PMID: 31993355.

64. Zonneveld R., Jongman R.M., Juliana A., Molema G., Van Meurs M., Plotz F.B. Serum concentrations of endothelial cell adhesion molecules and their shedding enzymes and early onset sepsis in newborns in Suriname. BMJPaediatr Open. 2018; 2 (1): e000312. DOI: 10.1136/bmjpo-2018-000312. PMID: 30397669.

65. Rao L., Song Z., Yu X., Tu Q., He Y., Luo Y., Yin Y., Chen D. Progranulin as a novel biomarker in diagnosis of early-onset neonatal sepsis. Cytokine. 2020; 128: 155000. DOI: 10.1016/j.cyto.2020.155000. PMID: 31982701.

66. Hincu M.A., Zonda G.-I., Stanciu G.D., Nemescu D., Paduraru L. Relevance of biomarkers currently in use or research for practical diagnosis approach of neonatal early-onset sepsis. Children (Basel). 2020; 7 (12): 309. DOI: 10.3390/children7120309. PMID: 33419284.

67. Ozdemir A.A., Elgormus Y. Value of resistin in early onset neonatal sepsis. J. Child Sci. 2017; 7: e146-e150. DOI: 10.1055/s-0037-1608713.

68. Saboktakin L., Bilan N., Behbahan A.G., Poorebrahim S. Relationship between resistin levels and sepsis among children under 12 years of age: a case control study. Front Pediatr. 2019; 7: 355. DOI: 10.3389/fped.2019.00355. PMID: 31555623.

69. Iskandar A, Arthamin M.Z., Indriana K., Anshory M., Hur M., Di Somma S., GREAT Network. Comparison between presepsin and procalcitonin in early diagnosis of neonatal sepsis. J Matern Fetal Neonatal Med. 2019; 32 (23): 3903-3908. DOI: 10.1080/14767058.2018.1475643. PMID: 29742943.

70. Sharma H., Moroni L. Recent advancements in regenerative approaches for thymus rejuvenation. Adv Sci (Weinh). 2021; 8 (14): 2100543. DOI: 10.1002/advs.202100543. PMID: 34306981.

71. Geenen V. The thymus and the science of self. Semin Immunopathol. 2021; 43 (1): 5-14. DOI: 10.1007/s00281-020-00831-y. PMID: 33415360.

72. Workman J.K., Bailly D.K., Reeder R.W., Dalton H.J., Berg R.A., Shanley T.P., Newth C.J.L., Pollack M.M., Wessel D., Carcillo J., Harrison R., Dean J.M., Meert K.L. Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (NICHD) Collaborative Pediatric Critical Care Research Network (CPCCRN). Risk factors for mortality in refractory pediatric septic shock supported with extracorporeal life support. ASAIO J. 2020; 66 (10): 1152-1160. DOI: 10.1097/MAT.0000000000001147. PMID: 33136603.

73. Liu R., Greenstein J.L., Fackler J.C., Bergmann J., Bembea M.M., Winslow R.L. Prediction of impending septic shock in children with sepsis. Crit Care Explor. 2021; 3 (6): 0442. DOI: 10.1097/CCE.0000000000000442. PMID: 34151278.

74. Ye J, Sanchez-Pinto L.N. Three data-driven phenotypes of multiple organ dysfunction syndrome preserved from early childhood to middle adulthood. AMIA Annu Symp Proc. 2021; 2020: 1345-1353. PMID: 33936511.

75. Lin J.C., Spinella P.C., Fitzgerald J.C., Tucci M., Bush J.L., Nadkarni V.M., Thomas N.J., Weiss S.L. Sepsis prevalence, outcomes, and therapy study investigators. New or progressive multiple organ dysfunction syndrome in pediatric severe sepsis: a sepsis phenotype with higher morbidity and mortality. Pediatr Crit Care Med. 2017; 18 (1): 8-16. DOI: 10.1097/PCC.0000000000000978. PMID: 28060151.

76. Pollack M.M., Banks R., Holubkov R., Meert K.L. Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development Collaborative Pediatric Critical Care Research Network. Morbidity and mortality in critically Ill children. I. Pathophysiologies and potential therapeutic solutions. Crit Care Med. 2020; 48 (6): 790-798. DOI: 10.1097/CCM.0000000000004331. PMID: 32301842.

77. Stroup E.K., Luo Y, Sanchez-Pinto L.N. Phenotyping multiple organ dysfunction syndrome using temporal trends in critically ill children. Proceedings (IEEE Int Conf Bioinformatics Biomed). 2019; 2019: 968-972. DOI: 10.1109/bibm47256.2019.8983126. PMID: 33842023.

78. Sanchez-Pinto L.N., Stroup E.K., Pendergrast T., Pinto N., Luo Y. Derivation and validation of novel phenotypes of multiple organ dysfunction syndrome in critically ill children. JAMA Netw Open. 2020; 3 (8): e209271. DOI: 10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2020.9271. PmID: 32780121.

79. Enjeti A.K., de Malmanche T., Chapman K., Ziolkowski A. Genomic investigation of inherited thrombotic microangiopathy-aHUS and TTP. Int J lab Hema.toL 2020; 42 (Suppl 1): 33-40. DOI: 10.1111/ijlh.13201. PMID: 32543063.

80. Nguyen T.C. Thrombocytopenia-associated multiple organ failure. Crit Care Clin. 2020; 36 (2): 379-390. DOI: 10.1016/j.ccc.2019.12.010. PMID: 32172819.

81. Podd B.S., Simon D.W., Lopez S., Nowalk A., Aneja R., Carcillo J.A. Rationale for adjunctive therapies for pediatric sepsis induced multiple organ failure. Pediatr Clin North Am. 2017; 64 (5): 1071-1088. DOI: 10.1016/j.pcl.2017.06.007. PMID: 28941536.

82. Raina R., Krishnappa V., Blaha T., Kann T., Hein W., Burke L., Bagga A. Atypical hemolytic-uremic syndrome: an update on pathophysiology, diagnosis, and treatment. Ther Apher Dial. 2019; 23 (1): 4-21. DOI: 10.1111/1744-9987.12763. PMID: 30294946.

83. Wijnsma K.L., Duineveld C., Wetzels J.F.M., van de Kar N.C.A.J. Eculizumab in atypical hemolytic uremic syndrome: strategies toward restrictive use. Pediatr Nephrol. 2019; 34 (11): 2261-2277. DOI: 10.1007/s00467-018-4091-3. PMID: 30402748.

84. Menne J., Delmas Y., Fakhouri F., Licht C., Lommele A., Minetti E.E., Provot F., Rondeau E., Sheerin N.S., Wang J., Weekers L.E., Greenbaum L.A. Outcomes in patients with atypical hemolytic uremic syndrome treated with eculizumab in a long-term observational study. BMC Nephrol. 2019; 20 (1): 125. DOI: 10.1186/s12882-019-1314-1. PMID: 30971227.

85. Patriquin C.J., Kuo K.H.M. Eculizumab and beyond: the past, present, and future of complement therapeutics. Transfus Med Rev. 2019; 33 (4): 256-265. DOI: 10.1016/j.tmrv.2019.09.004. PMID: 31703946.

86. Zimmerman J.J., Banks R., Berg R.A., Zuppa A., Newth C.J., Wessel D., Pollack M.M., Meert K.L., Hall M.W., Quasney M., Sapru A., Carcillo J.A., McQuillen P.S., Mournni P.M., Wong H., Chima R.S., Holubkov R., Coleman W., Sorenson S., Varni J.W., McGalliard J., Haaland W., Whitlock K., Dean J.M., Reeder R.W. Life After Pediatric Sepsis Evaluation (LAPSE) Investigators. Critical illness factors associated with long-term mortality and health-related quality of life morbidity following community-acquired pediatric septic shock. Crit Care Med. 2020; 48 (3): 319-328. DOI: 10.1097/CCM.0000000000004122. PMID: 32058369.

87. Alcamo A.M., Pang D., Bashir D.A., Carcillo J.A., Nguyen T.C., Aneja R.K. Role of damage-associated molecular patterns and uncontrolled inflammation in pediatric sepsis-induced multiple organ dysfunction syndrome. J Pediatr Intensive Care. 2019; 8 (1): 25-31. DOI: 10.1055/s-0038-1675639. PMID: 31073505.

88. Potter C.S., Silva K.A., Kennedy V.E., Stearns T.M., Esch H.H., Sundberg J.P. Loss of FAS/FASL signalling does not reduce apoptosis in Sharpin null mice. Exp Derma,tol. 2017; 26 (9): 820-822. DOI: 10.1111/exd.13289. PMID: 28094869.

89. Demir A., Kahrnman R., Candan G., Ergen A. The role of FAS gene variants in inflammatory bowel disease. Turk J Gastroenterol. 2020; 31 (5): 356-361. DOI: 10.5152/tjg.2020.19436. PMID: 32519954.

90. Bride K., Teachey D. Autoimmune lymphoproliferative syndrome: more than a FAScinating disease. F1000Res. 2017; 6: 1928. DOI: 10.12688/f1000research.11545.1. PMID: 29123652.

91. Gamez-Diaz L., Grimbacher B. Immune checkpoint deficiencies and autoimmune lymphoproliferative syndromes. Biomed J. 2021; 44 (4): 400-411. DOI: 10.1016/j.bj.2021.04.005. PMID: 34384744.

92. Teachey D.T. New advances in the diagnosis and treatment of autoimmune lymphoproliferative syndrome. Curr Opin Pediatr. 2012; 24 (1): 1-8. DOI: 10.1097/MOP.0b013e32834ea739. PMID: 22157362.

93. Kogl T., Muller J., Jessen B., Schmitt-Graeff A., Janka G., Ehl S., zur Stadt U., Aichele P. Hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis in syntaxin-11-deficient mice: T-cell exhaustion limits fatal disease. Blood. 2013; 121 (4): 604-613. DOI: 10.1182/blood-2012-07-441139. PMID: 23190531.

94. Muszynski J.A., Thakkar R., Hall M.W. Inflammation and innate immune function in critical illness. Curr Opin Pediatr. 2016; 28 (3): 267-273. DOI: 10.1097/mop.0000000000000352. PMID: 27043087.

95. Doughty L. Adaptive immune function in critical illness. Adaptive immune function in critical illness. Curr Opin Pediatr. 2016; 28 (3): 274-280. DOI: 10.1097/mop.0000000000000357. PMID: 27054955.

96. Sendler M., van den Brandt C., Glaubitz J., Wilden A., Golchert J., Weiss F.U., Homuth G., De Freitas Chama L.L., Mishra N., Mahajan U.M., Bossaller L., Volker U., Broker B.M., Mayerle J., Lerch M.M. NlRP3 inflammasome regulates development of systemic inflammatory response and compensatory anti-inflammatory response syndromes in mice with acute pancreatitis. Gastroenterology. 2020; 158 (1): 253-269.e14. DOI: 10.1053/j.gastro.2019.09.040. PMID: 31593700.

97. Jia R., Zhou M., Tuttle C.S.L., Maier A.B. Immune capacity determines outcome following surgery or trauma: a systematic review and metaanalysis. Eur J Trauma Emerg Surg. 2020; 46 (5): 979-991. DOI: 10.1007/s00068-019-01271-6. PMID: 31781831.

98. Vergadi E., Vaporidi K., Tsatsanis C. Regulation of endotoxin tolerance and compensatory anti-inflammatory response syndrome by noncoding RNAs. Front Immunol. 2018; 9: 2705. DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.02705. PMID: 30515175.

99. Zhang Y., Chen Y., MengZ. Immunomodulation for severe COVID-19 pneumonia: the state of the art. Front Immunol. 2020; 11: 577442. DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.577442. PMID: 33240265.

100. Carreto-Binaghi L.E., Juarez E., Guzman-Beltran S., Herrera M.T., Torres M., Alejandre A., Martinez-Orozco J.A., Becerril-Vargas E., Gonzalez Y. Immunological evaluation for personalized interventions in children with tuberculosis: should it be routinely performed? J Immunol Res. 2020; 2020: 8235149. DOI: 10.1155/2020/8235149. PMID: 33005692.

101. Stortz J.A., Murphy T.J., Raymond S.L., Mira J.C., Ungaro R., Dirain M.L., Nacionales D.C., Loftus T.J., Wang Z., Ozrazgat-Baslanti T., Ghita G.L., Brumback B.A., Mohr A.M., Bihorac A., Efron P.A., Moldawer L. L., Moore F.A., Brakenridge S.C. Evidence for persistent immune suppression in patients who develop chronic critical illness after sepsis. Shock. 2018; 49 (3): 249-258. DOI: 10.1097/SHK.0000000000000981. PMID: 28885387.

102. Leijte G.P., Rimmele T., Kox M., Bruse N., Monard C., Gossez M., Monneret G., Pickkers P., Venet F. Monocytic HLA-DR expression kinetics in septic shock patients with different pathogens, sites of infection and adverse outcomes. Crit Care. 2020; 24 (1): 110. DOI: 10.1186/s13054-020-2830-x. PMID: 32192532.

103. Перепелица С.А. Комплексная оценка кислородного статуса и показателей липидного обмена у новорожденных с перинатальной гипоксией и гиповолемическим шоком. Общая реаниматология. 2017; 13 (3): 25-34. DOI: 10.15360/1813-9779-2017-3-25-34.

104. Picard M., Sandi C. The social nature of mitochondria: implications for human health. Neurosci Biobehav Rev. 2021; 120: 595-610. DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2020.04.017. PMID: 32651001.

105. Zhang Z., Chen L., Xu P., Xing L., Hong Y., Chen P. Gene correlation network analysis to identify regulatory factors in sepsis. J Transl Med. 2020; 18 (1): 381. DOI: 10.1186/s12967-020-02561-z. PMID: 33032623.

106. Preau S., Vodovar D., Jung B., Lancel S., Zafrani L., Flatres A., Oualha M. , Voiriot G., Jouan Y., Joffre J., Uhel F., De Prost N., Silva S., Azabou E., Radermacher P. Energetic dysfunction in sepsis: a narrative review. Ann Intensive Care. 2021; 11 (1): 104. DOI: 10.1186/s13613-021-00893-7. PMID: 34216304.

107. Zheng G., Lyu J., Huang J., Xiang D., Xie M., Zeng Q. Experimental treatments for mitochondrial dysfunction in sepsis: a narrative review. J Res Med Sci. 2015; 20 (2): 185-195. PMID: 25983774. PMID: 25983774.

108. Veres B., Eros K., Antus C., Kalman N., Fonai F., Jakus P.B., Boros E., Hegedus Z., Nagy I., Tretter L., Gallyas F. Jr., Sumegi B. Cyclophilin D-dependent mitochondrial permeability transition amplifies inflammatory reprogramming in endotoxemia. FEBS Open Bio. 2021; 11 (3): 684-704. DOI: 10.1002/2211-5463.13091. PMID: 33471430.

109. Cherry A.D., Piantadosi C.A. Regulation of mitochondrial biogenesis and its intersection with inflammatory responses. Antioxid Redox Signal. 2015; 22 (12): 965-976. DOI: 10.1089/ars.2014.6200. PMID: 25556935.

110. El-Mashad G.M., El-Mekkawy M.S., Zayan M.H. Paediatric sequential organ failure assessment (pSOFA) score: a new mortality prediction score in the paediatric intensive care unit. An Pediatr (Engl Ed). 2020; 92 (5): 277-285. (in Spanish). DOI: 10.1016/j.anpedi.2019.05.018. PMID: 31784324.

111. Wynn J.L., Polin R.A. A neonatal sequential organ failure assessment score predicts mortality to late-onset sepsis in preterm very low birth weight infants. Pediatr Res. 2020; 88 (1): 85-90. DOI: 10.1038/s41390-019-0517-2. PMID: 31394566.

112. Миронов П.И., Лекманов А.У. Оценка валидности шкалы nSOFA у новорожденных с сепсисом. Вестник анестезиологии и реаниматологии. 2021; 18 (2): 56-61. DOI: 10.21292/2078-5658-2021-18-2-56-61.

113. Kurul S, Simons S. H. P., Ramakers C. R. B., De Rijke Y.B., Kornelisse R.F., Reiss I.K.M., Taal H.R. Association of inflammatory biomarkers with subsequent clinical course in suspected late onset sepsis in preterm neonates. Crit. Care. 2021; 25 (1): 12. DOI: 10.1186/s13054-020-03423-2. PMID: 33407770.

114. Assimakopoulos S.F., Triantos C., Thomopoulos K., Fligou F., Maroulis I., Mamngos M., Gogos CA. Gut-origin sepsis in the critically ill patient: pathophysiology and treatment. Infection. 2018; 46 (6): 751-760. DOI: 10.1007/s15010-018-1178-5. PMID: 30003491.

115. Miller L.E., Laughon M.M., Clark R.H., Zimmerman K.O., Hornik C.P., Aleem S., Smith P.B., Greenberg R.G. Vasoactive medications in extremely low gestational age neonates during the first postnatal week. J Perinatal 2021; 41 (9): 2330-2336. DOI: 10.1038/s41372-021-01031-8. PMID: 33758384.

116. Dempsey E., Rabe H. The use of cardiotonic drugs in neonates. Clin Perinatol. 2019; 46 (2): 273-290. DOI: 10.1016/j.clp.2019.02.010. PMID: 31010560.

117. Mizuno T, Gist K.M., Gao Z., Wempe M.F., Alten J., Cooper D.S., Goldstein S.L., VinksAA. Developmental pharmacokinetics and age-appropriate dosing design of milrinone in neonates and infants with acute kidney injury following cardiac surgery. Clin Pharmacokinet. 2019; 58 (6): 793-803. DOI: 10.1007/s40262-018-0729-3. PMID: 30607889.

118. Rahima,n S., Kowalski R., Kwok S.Y., Matha S. Jones B., Smolich J.J., Mynard J.P., Butt W., Millar J. Milrinone acts as a vasodilator but not an inotrope in children after cardiac surgery-insights from wave intensity analysis. Crit Care Med. 2020; 48 (11): e1071-1078. DOI: 10.1097/CCM.0000000000004622. PMID: 32932352.

119. Burkhardt B.E.U., Rucker G., Stiller B. Prophylactic milrinone for the prevention of low cardiac output syndrome and mortality in children undergoing surgery for congenital heart disease. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2015; (3): CD009515. DOI: 10.1002/14651858.CD009515.pub2. PMID: 25806562.

120. Joynt C., Cheung P.-Y. Treating hypotension in preterm neonates with vasoactive medications. Front Pediatr. 2018; 6: 86. DOI: 10.3389/fped.2018.00086. PMID: 29707527.

121. Rizk M.Y., Lapointe A., Lefebvre F., Barrington K.J. Norepinephrine infusion improves haemodynamics in the preterm infants during septic shock. Acta Paediatr. 2018; 107 (3): 408-413. DOI: 10.1111/apa.14112. PMID: 28992392.

122. Joynt C., Cheung P.Y. Cardiovascular supportive therapies for neonates with asphyxia — a literature review of pre-clinical and clinical studies. Front Pediatr. 2018; 6: 363. DOI: 10.3389/fped.2018.00363. PMID: 30619782.

123. Budniok T., El Sayed Y., Louis D. Effect of vasopressin on systemic and pulmonary hemodynamics in neonates. Am J Perinatol. 2021; 38 (12): 1330-1334. DOI: 10.1055/s-0040-1712999. PMID: 32485754.

124. Masarwa R., Paret G., Perlman A., Reif S., Raccah B.H., Matok I. Role of vasopressin and terlipressin in refractory shock compared to conventional therapy in the neonatal and pediatric population: a systematic review, meta-analysis, and trial sequential analysis. Crit Care. 2017; 21 (1): 1. DOI: 10.1186/s13054-016-1589-6. PMID: 28057037.

125. Ikega.mi H., Funato M., Tamai H., Wada H., Nabetani M., Nishihara M. Low-dose vasopressin infusion therapy for refractory hypotension in ELBW infants. Pedia.tr Int. 2010; 52 (3): 368-373. DOI: 10.1111/j.1442-200X.2009.02967.x. PMID: 19793209.

126. Mohamed A., Nasef N., Shah V., McNamara P.J. Vasopressin as a rescue therapy for refractory pulmonary hypertension in neonates: case series. Pediatr Crit Care Med. 2014; 15 (2): 148-154. DOI: 10.1097/PCC.0b013e31829f5fce. PMID: 24141655.

127. Papp Z., Agostoni P., Alvarez J., Bettex D., Bouchez S., Brito D., Cerny V., Comin-Colet J, Crespo-Leiro M.G., Delgado J.F., Edes I., Eremenko A.A., Farmakis D., Fedele F., Fonseca C., Fruhwald S., Girardis M., Guarracino F., Harjola V-P., Heringlake M., Herpain A., Heunks L.M.A., Husebye T., Ivancan V., Karason K., Kaul S., Kivikko M., Kubica J., Masip J., Matskeplishvili S., Mebazaa A., Nieminen M.S., Oliva F., Papp G.P., Parissis J., Parkhomenko A., Poder P., Polzl G., Reinecke A., Ricksten S.-E., Riha H., Rudiger A., Sarapohja T., Schwinger R.H.G., Toller W., Tritapepe L., Tschope C., Wikstrom G., von Lewinski D., Vrtovec B., Pollesello P. Levosimendan efficacy and safety: 20 years of SIMDAX in clinical use. J Cardiovasc Pharmacol. 2020; 76 (1): 4-22. DOI: 10.1097/FJC.0000000000000859. PMID: 32639325.

128. De Carolis M.P., Piastra M., Bersani I., Pardeo M., Stival E., Tempera A., Romagnoli C., Conti G., De Rosa G. Levosimendan in two neonates with ischemic heart failure and pulmonary hypertension. Neonatology. 2012; 101 (3): 201-205. DOI: 10.1159/000329848. PMID: 22067520.

129. Shivanna B., Gowda S., Welty S.E., Barrington K.J., Pammi M. Prostanoids and their analogues for the treatment of pulmonary hypertension in neonates. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2019; 10 (10): CD012963. DOI: 10.1002/14651858.CD012963.pub2. PMID: 31573068.

130. Wang X., Li B., Ma Y., Zhang H. Effect of NO inhalation on ECMO use rate and mortality in infants born at or near term with respiratory failure. Medicine (Baltimore). 2019; 98 (41): e17139. DOI: 10.1097/MD.0000000000017139. PMID: 31593077.

131. Papazian L., Aubron C., Brochard L., Chiche J-D., Combes A., Dreyfuss D., Forel J-M., Guerin C., Jaber S., Mekontso-Dessap A., Mercat A., Richard J.-C., Roux D., Vieillard-Baron A., Faure H. Formal guidelines: management of acute respiratory distress syndrome. Ann Intensive Care. 2019; 9 (1): 69. DOI: 10.1186/s13613-019-0540-9. PMID: 31197492.

132. Zhang W.-F., Chen D.-M., Wu L.-Q., Wang R.-Q. Clinical effect of continuous blood purification in treatment of multiple organ dysfunction syndrome in neonates. Zhongguo Dang Dai Er Ke Za Zhi. 2020; 22 (1): 31-36. (in Chinese). DOI: 10.7499/j.issn.1008-8830.2020.01.007. PMID: 31948521.

133. Ramanathan K., Tan C.S., Rycus P., MacLaren G. Extracorporeal membrane oxygenation for severe adenoviral pneumonia in neonatal, pediatric, and adult patients. Pediatr Crit Care Med. 2019; 20 (11): 1078-1084. DOI: 10.1097/PCC.0000000000002047. PMID: 31274774.

134. Kirkland B.W., Wilkes J., Bally D.K., Bratton S.L. Extracorporeal membrane oxygenation for pediatric respiratory failure: risk factors associated with center volume and mortality. Pediatr Crit Care Med. 2016; 17 (8): 779-788. DOI: 10.1097/PCC.0000000000000775. PMID: 27187531.

135. Blauvelt D.G., Abada E.N., Oishi P., Roy S. Advances in extracorporeal membrane oxygenator design for artificial placenta technology. Artif Organs. 2021; 45 (3): 205-221. DOI: 10.1111/aor.13827. PMID: 32979857.

136. Killien E.Y., Loftis L.L., Clark J.D., Muszynski J.A., Rissmiller B.J., Singleton M.N., White B.R., Zimmerman J.J., Maddux A.B., Pinto N.P., Fink E.L., Watson R.S., Smith M., Ringwood M., Graham R.J. POST-PICU and PICU-COS Investigators of the Pediatric Acute Lung Injury and Sepsis Investigators and the Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development Collaborative Pediatric Critical Care Research Networks. Health-related quality of life outcome measures for children surviving critical care: a scoping review. Qual Life Res. 2021; 30 (12): 3383-3394. DOI: 10.1007/s11136-021-02928-9. PMID: 34185224.

137. Maddux A.B., Pinto N., Fink E.L., Hartman M.E., Nett S., Biagas K., Killien E.Y., Dervan L.A., Christie L.M., Luckett P.M., Loftis L., Lackey M., Ringwood M., Smith M., Olson L., Sorenson S., Meert K.L., Notterman D.A., Pollack M.M., Mourani P.M., Watson R.S. Pediatric Outcomes Studies after PICU (POST-PICU) and PICU-COS Investigators of the Pediatric Acute Lung Injury and Sepsis Investigators and the Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development Collaborative Pediatric Critical Care Research Networks. Postdischarge outcome domains in pediatric critical care and the instruments used to evaluate them: a scoping review. Crit Care Med. 2020; 48 (12): e1313-1321. DOI: 10.1097/CCM.0000000000004595. PMID: 33009099.

138. Woodruff A.G., Choong K. Long-term outcomes and the post-intensive care syndrome in critically ill children: a North American perspective. Children (Basel). 2021; 8 (4): 254. DOI: 10.3390/children8040254. PMID: 33805106.

139. Bossen D., de Boer R.M., Knoester H., Maaskant J.M., van der Schaaf M., Alsem M.W., Gemke R.J.B.J., van Woensel J.B.M., Oosterlaan J., Engelbert R.H.H. Physical functioning after admission to the PICU: a scoping review. Crit Care Explor. 2021; 3 (6): e0462. DOI: 10.1097/CCE.0000000000000462. PMID: 34151283.

140. Pinto N.P., Rhinesmith E.W., Kim T.Y., Ladner P.H., Pollack M.M. Long-term function after pediatric critical illness: results from the survivor outcomes study. Pediatr Crit Care Med. 2017; 18 (3): e122-e130. DOI: 10.1097/PCC.0000000000001070. PMID: 28107265.

141. Hamdy R.F., DeBiasi R.L. Every minute counts: the urgency of identifying infants with sepsis. J Pediatr. 2020; 217: 10-12. DOI: 10.1016/j.jpeds.2019.09.068. PMID: 31668480.

142. Mukhopadhyay S., Puopolo K.M., Hansen N.I., Lorch S.A., DeMauro S.B., Greenberg R.G., Cotten C.M., Sanchez P.J., Bell E.F., Eichenwald E.C., Stoll B.J. NICHD Neonatal Research Network. Neurodevelopmental outcomes following neonatal late-onset sepsis and blood culturenegative conditions. Arch Dis Child Fetal Neonatal Ed. 2021; 106 (5): 467-473. DOI: 10.1136/archdischild-2020-320664. PMID: 33478957.

143. Schmatz M., Srinivasan L., Grundmeier R.W., Elci O.U., Weiss S.L., Masino A.J., Tremoglie M., Ostapenko S., Harris M.C. Surviving sepsis in a referral neonatal intensive care unit: association between time to antibiotic administration and in-hospital outcomes. J Pediatr.2020; 217: 59-65 e1. DOI: 10.1016/j.jpeds.2019.08.023. PMID: 31604632.

144. Серебрякова Е., Волосников Д., Беляева И. Особенности течения и исходов синдрома полиорганной недостаточности у новорожденных в зависимости от срока гестации и массы тела при рождении. Врач. 2017; (8): 54-56.