Objective: to reveal changes in the membrane surface microrelief during hypotension and after blood reinfusion and a possibility of correcting these impairments with laser irradiation (LI). Materials and methods. Experiments were carried out on anesthetized male rats weighing 450 g. The model of a terminal state was one-hour hypovolemic hypotension (mean blood pressure 45 mm Hg), followed by exsanguinated blood reinfusion. Two groups of experiments were made. These were control and experimental; in the latter laser irradiation was performed for 2 minutes an hour after blood reinfusion. Rat blood smears were examined on an atomic force microscope 5 and 60 minutes after blood loss and 1 and 3 hours after blood reinfusion. Results. The experiments have shown that after blood reinfusion the activated lipid peroxidation processes increase the size of a red blood cell and change its shape and its membrane surface relief. By producing an antioxidant effect, LI restores the permeability of red blood cell membranes and their surface ultrastructure. Key words: blood loss, red blood cells, membrane, lipid peroxidation, atomic force microscope.

Objective: to provide a morphochemical evaluation of the capillaries in the brain microcirculatory bed of experimental animals in the acute period of brain injury (BI). Materials and methods. An experiment was carried out on 40 sexually mature Wister rats. Gradual BI was inflicted by a falling load blow on the right parietotemporal region, as described by T. F. Sokolova (1986). Brain magnetic resonance imaging was made in the animals an hour after injury infliction to define the extent of the damage and its site. Morphological studies of the brain were conducted 24 and 72 hours and 7 days after the injury. The capillaries were identified by the injection technique (Indian ink imbedding). The NO-producing function of endotheliocytes was evaluated using the NADPH-diaphorase histochemical technique. To study microcirculatory changes, the similar brain portions ipsilateral to the site of injury and in the intact hemisphere were compared in each animal. The changes in the diameter of capillaries, the volume density of the microcirculatory bed, the exchange surface area and activity of NADPH diaphorase in the capillary wall were analyzed. The findings were processed by the variation statistical method, by determining the arithmetic mean, the standard error of the arithmetic mean, and the test of significance. The findings give an insight into the mechanisms responsible for secondary ischemic lesions in the early period of brain injury. The NO-dependent capillary blood flow reduction leading to hypoxia may be one of the most important causes of secondary cerebral lesion. All changes in the dynamics of microvessels (their lumen and area) are in line with the activity of the enzyme. Conclusion. In severe BI, changes in the brain microcirculatory bed, its capillary link in particular, are manifested not only with in a traumatic injury focus, but also involve the brain as a whole. Key words: brain, brain njury, capillaries, nitric oxide (NO).

The paper describes the way medical and intensive cares are organized to patients with complicated forms of A/H1N1 and seasonal influenzas in the Trans-Baikal Territory in the fall of 2009.

Objective: to improve the results of treatment for severe obstetric sepsis by pathogenetically founded continuous renal replacement therapies as extracorporeal homeostatic correction. Subjects and methods. Forty-two women with severe abdominal sepsis were divided into 3 groups: 1) 14 women with severe extragenital abdominal sepsis who received standard intensive care (a control group); 2) 12 women with severe obstetric sepsis who had standard intensive care (a study group); 3) 16 with severe obstetric sepsis who had the standard intensive care supplemented with continuous renal replacement therapy (an intervention group). Results. In Group 2, endogenous intoxication and multiple organ dysfunction were controlled later than in Group 1, mortality rates being 41.7 and 7.1%, respectively. Clinical laboratory differences were due to gestosis recorded in 100% of the patients with severe obstetric sepsis. When continuous renal replacement therapy was incorporated into the complex therapy of severe obstetric sepsis, there was a prompter regression of endogenous intoxication and multiple organ dysfunction, mortality was decreased by an average of 35% as compared with that during standard therapy. Conclusion. The inclusion of continuous renal replacement therapy into the complex treatment program for severe obstetric sepsis made it possible to reduce control time _ for endogenous intoxication and multiple organ dysfunction and to decrease mortality by an average of 35% as compared with that during standard intensive care. Key words: obstetric sepsis, abdominal sepsis, gestosis, endogenous intoxication, multiple organ dysfunction, renal replacement therapy.

Objective: to evaluate the efficiency of multimodal epidural analgesia (EA) in patients with chronic critical lower extremity ischemia (CLEI) in the preoperative period. Subjects and methods. A prospective randomized controlled study was conducted in 150 patients.According to the anesthesia mode, the patients were divided into 5 groups: 1) EA with a local anesthetic; 2) EA in combination with a nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug (ketoprophen); 3) EA in combination with ketoprophen and subnarcotic doses of ketamine; 4) EA in combination with fentanyl and ketoprophen; 5) EA in combination with fentanyl, ketoprophen, and ketamine. Results. The developed procedure for prolonged multimodal EA allows the stabilization of hemodynamics, the concentration of cortisol and metabolites (glucose, lactate), and the values of regional blood flow. Conclusion. EA with a local anesthetic in combination with fentanyl, ketoprophen, and ketamine is the most effective method for analgesia in patients with CLEI in the preoperative period. Key words: multimodal analgesia.

Objective: to study the oxygen transport system in the acute period of ischemic stroke (IS). Subjects and methods. Central hemodynamics and the oxygen transport system were studied, intracranial pressure was measured, cerebral perfusion pressure was calculated and neurophysiological and X-ray studies were conducted in 36 patients in the first 7 days of IS. Results. In the first 5 study days, circulatory hypoxia developed due to evolving hypodynamic circulation. Later on, the situation was deteriorated by arterial hypoxemia due to acute respiratory distress syndrome and increased pulmonary shunting. Simultaneously on days 5 and 7, there were reductions in the oxygen consumption index and oxygen extraction coefficient, which was due to vasoconstriction, higher blood flow velocity, and lower oxygen extraction. Neurophysiological evidence was used to diagnose sub- and decompensation of stem structural functions. Conclusion. Vasoconstriction leads to the development of circulatory hypoxia. Thus, the early period of ischemic stroke is marked by the decreased oxygen delivery index due to the development of hypodynamic circulation. This is further attended by pulmonary complications and microcircula-tory disorders. On day 5 of the acute period, noncardiogenic pulmonary edema developed and pulmonary shunt increased, by worsening hypoxia. Impaired function of stem structures due to their damage, as evidenced by clinical, neurophysiologi-cal, radiological, and autoptic studies, is one of the causes of hemodynamic disorders, thereby impairing the oxygen transport system. Key words: acute cerebral circulatory disorder, oxygen transport system.

Objective: to assess whether cardiointervalography (CIG) might be used to define the health status of patients with carbon monoxide poisoning. Subjects and methods. The autonomic nervous system (ANS) was studied in 114 patients aged 16 to 80 years with carbon monohydrate poisoning who were treated at the N. V. Sklifosovsky Research Institute of Emergency Care, Moscow, in 2004—2009. Cardiointervalographic readings were analyzed in relation to condition severity and disease outcome. Results. Within the first hours after carbon monoxide poisoning, the function of the ANS was found to be impaired, which was associated with the development of hypersym-pathicotonia caused by the increased activity of its sympathetic part and the decreased tone of the parasympathet-ic one. The magnitude of hypersympathicotonia depended on the severity of poisoning and the outcome of the disease. The preponderance of ANS parasympathetic part tone suggests disturbed adaptive and compensatory mechanisms and poor prognosis. Conclusion. Cardiointervalography is recommended for the objective evaluation of the severity of carbon monoxide poisoning and the efficiency of performed treatment and prediction of the outcome of the disease. Key words: carbon monoxide, autonomic nervous system, cardiointervalography, adaptive and compensatory mechanisms.

Objective: to reveal the predictors of clinically significant deterioration of cardiac pump function resulting from alveolar opening maneuver (AOM) (mobilization) made early after extracorporeal circulation during standard cardiosurgery. Subjects and methods. Hemodynamic, clinical, and laboratory parameters were analyzed in 20 cardiosurgical patients who had undergone AOM in the early postperfusion period. The study inclusion criteria were a PaO2/FiO2 ratio of less than 350 mm Hg, a cardiac index (CI) of more than 2.5 l/min/m2, a dosage of dopamine and/or dobutamine of not more than 10 μg/kg/min, and standard AOM performance (Pmax, 30—35 cm H2O; endexpiratory pressure (PEEP), 13—15 cm H2O). Regression analysis was used to identify the predictors of a clinically significant reduction in CI (less than 2.5 l/min/m2). Results. Before and after AOM, CI was 3.1±0.1 and 2.9±0.1 l/min/m2, respectively (p>0.05); however, CI was less than 2.5 l/min/m2 (2.16±0.09 l/min/m2) in 25% of cases. After AOM, CI values were significantly related to those recorded prior to a respiratory procedure (p=0.039), total peripheral vascular resistance index (TPVRI) (p=0.00039), and intrapulmonary blood shunt fraction (Qs/Qt) (p=0.041). There were no relationships to other recorded and estimated hemodynamic parameters (p>0.1). After AOM, CI values were unrelated (p>0.1) to the duration of extracorporeal circulation, the period of myocardial ischemia, and the used dosages of inotropic agents. The predictor of a clinically significant CI reduction after AOM was the only index TPVRI (p=0.00025) recorded before a respiratory procedure. Following AOM, the probability of a significant CI reduction substantially increased (the approximation coefficient R2=0.75) at TPVRI values of 2000 din•sec•cm-5•m2 or more. Conclusion. After AOM performed in the early period after extracorporeal circulation, CI values are related to the baseline level of CI, TPVRI, and Qs/Qt; however, after this procedure only the value of TPVRI is a reliable predictor of clinically significantly depressed cardiac pump function. The risk of persistent cardiodepression is highest at TPVRI values of 2000 din•sec•cm-5•m2 or more. AOM should be carried out early after extracorporeal circulation in cardiosurgical patients, by making an invasive monitoring that makes it possible to maximally correctly evaluate central hemodynamics, including CI and TPVRI. 

The study deals with the pathogenesis and early diagnosis of renal dysfunction in low and extremely low birth weight (ELBW) premature neonates. Objective: to study the specific features of the mechanisms responsible for the development of acute renal failure (ARF) in low and ELBW neonates and to use an analysis of oxygen status parameters as a method for early diagnosis of neonatal ARF. Subjects and methods. The study included 172 neonatal infants with a birth body weight of 800 to 1500 g. The values of blood gas composition and base-acid balance, and oxygen status were daily studied in all the children, by analyzing all the indices reflecting tissue hypoxia. Results. Analysis of oxygen status parameters in relation to a baby’s body weight revealed no considerable differences. The development of renal dysfunction and ARF in low and ELBW neonates was demonstrated to be most frequently caused by the progression of respiratory failure and tissue hypoxia, which suggests secondary renal lesion in the pattern of multiple organ dysfunction. It was ascertained that edema had a direct correlation with a physiological shunt fraction and oxygenation index and a moderate inverse correlation with blood oxygen tension and respiration index. In addition, an inverse correlation was found between the serum concentration of lactate and the daily volume of diuresis. The rate of hourly diuresis had a direct correlation with respiratory index and an inverse correlation with oxygenation index. Conclusion. Dysfunction of the kidneys and acute renal failure in neonatal infants in the pattern of multiple organ syndrome are secondary and closely related to the progres– sion of respiratory failure, as suggested by the oxygen status parameters that may be used for the prediction and early diagnosis or Key words: acute renal failure, renal dysfunction, neonaQtal infants, low and extremely low birth weight, hypoxia, oxygen status, multiple organ dysfunction. neonates. Key words: acute renal failure, renal dysfunction, neonatal infants, low and extremely low birth weight, hypoxia, oxygen status, multiple organ dysfunction.

Objective: to reveal the predictors of clinically significant deterioration of cardiac pump function resulting from alveolar opening maneuver (AOM) (mobilization) made early after extracorporeal circulation during standard cardiosurgery. Subjects and methods. Hemodynamic, clinical, and laboratory parameters were analyzed in 20 cardiosurgical patients who had undergone AOM in the early postperfusion period. The study inclusion criteria were a PaO2/FiO2 ratio of less than 350 mm Hg, a cardiac index (CI) of more than 2.5 l/min/m2, a dosage of dopamine and/or dobutamine of not more than 10 ^g/kg/min, and standard AOM performance (Pmax, 30—35 cm H2O; end-expiratory pressure (PEEP), 13—15 cm H2O). Regression analysis was used to identify the predictors of a clinically significant reduction in CI (less than 2.5 l/min/m2). Results. Before and after AOM, CI was 3.1±0.1 and 2.9±0.1 l/min/m2, respectively (p>0.05); however, CI was less than 2.5 l/min/m2 (2.16±0.09 l/min/m2) in 25% of cases. After AOM, CI values were significantly related to those recorded prior to a respiratory procedure (p=0.039), total peripheral vascular resistance index (TPVRI) (p=0.00039), and intrapulmonary blood shunt fraction (Qs/Qt) (p=0.041). There were no relationships to other recorded and estimated hemodynamic parameters (p>0.1). – After AOM, CI values were unrelated (p>0.1) to the duration of extracorporeal circulation, the period of myocardial ischemia, and the used dosages of inotropic agents. The predictor of a clinically significant CI reduction after AOM was the only index TPVRI (p=0.00025) recorded before a respiratory procedure. Following AOM, the probability of a significant CI reduction substantially increased (the approximation coefficient R2=0.75) at TPVRI values of 2000 din^sec^cm-5^m2 or more. Conclusion. After AOM performed in the early period after extracorporeal circulation, CI values are related to the baseline level of CI, TPVRI, and Qs/Qt; however, after this procedure only the value of TPVRI is a reliable predictor of clinically significantly depressed cardiac pump function. The risk of persistent car-diodepression is highest at TPVRI values of 2000 din^sec^cm-5^m2 or more. AOM should be carried out early after extra-corporeal circulation in cardiosurgical patients, by making an invasive monitoring that makes it possible to maximally correctly evaluate central hemodynamics, including CI and TPVRI. Key words: alveolar opening maneuver (mobilization), lung recruitment, recruiting maneuver in cardiosurgical patients, central hemodynamics during lung recruitment, cardiodepression during lung recruitment.

Objective: to search for a procedure for drug injection into the pulmonary artery to enhance the efficiency of thrombolytic therapy. Subjects and methods. Twenty patients with submassive unilateral pulmonary thromboembolism were examined. Selective thrombolysis was performed in 10 patients of Group 1. Local thrombolytic therapy (RF patent No. 2376042) was used in 10 patients of Group 2. The authors simulated thrombolysis with a contrast agent and studied pressure in the pulmonary artery in the sites of its bifurcation and a thrombus and the concentration of a fibrinolytic agent at the site of a thrombus and in the cubital vein. Thrombolytic therapy-induced complications were analyzed. Results. Pressure at the site of the pulmonary artery bifurcation was recorded to be, on the average, 6.2±0.9 mm Hg higher than that at the site of the thrombus. Simulation of selective thrombolysis by the contrast agent showed its movement to the area contralateral to the thrombus. Local thrombolysis simulation indicated the spread of the contrast agent along the thrombus and its failure to enter the systemic bloodstream. In local thrombolysis, the concentration of a fibrinolytic agent at the site of the thrombus after administration of a test dose was 930 times greater than that during selective thrombolysis. With local thrombolysis, the peripheral venous concentration of Actilyse was significantly lower than that with selective thrombolysis. During the latter, there were no differences in the Actilyse concentration at the site of the thrombus and in the peripheral vein. Hemorrhagic events were recorded in Group 1 patients. These were absent in Group 2. Conclusion. The findings demonstrate that selective thrombolytic therapy is ineffective. The administered fibrinolytic agent is washed out into the systemic bloodstream, as confirmed by the absence of differences in the concentrations of Actilyse at the site of the thrombus and in the peripheral vein. As compared with selective thrombolysis, local one elevates the concentration of the agent at the site of the thrombus; by spreading along the thrombus, the agent fails to enter the systemic bloodstream, which reduces the number of complications. The efficiency of the method is evidenced by normalization of pulmonary pressure. Key words: local thrombolysis, selective thrombolysis, pulmonary thromboembolism, Actilyse concentration, thrombolysis simulation.

Objective: to comparatively study different postoperative analgesia modes in patients undergoing reconstructive interventions into the abdominal aorta. Subjects and methods. The impact of analgesia on the course of the early postoperative period was comparatively studied in 98 patients. According to the mode of postoperative analgesia, the patients were divided into 3 groups: 1) 35 patients received traditional analgesia with narcotic analgesics (promedol, morphine i.m.); 2) 32 patients had prolonged epidural infusion of 0.2% ropivocaine solution with fractional epidural administration of fentanyl 0.1 mg twice daily; 3) 31 patients were given a combination of epidural naropine and fentanyl with parenteral ketorolac 90 mg/day and paracetamol 3 g/day. The magnitude of pain syndrome was analyzed using the visual analogue scale. The parameters of central hemodynamics (CHD) were estimated applying thoracic tetrapolar rheocardiography. Autonomic homeostatic changes were studied from the cardiac rhythm variability by computer rhythmocardiography. Results. The least magnitude of pain syndrome, the eutonic type of autonomic regulation of the cardiovascular system, and the highest cardiac index values were recorded in Group 3. Conclusion. The use of mul-timodal postoperative analgesia ensures valid analgesia with the stable parameters of CHD and autonomic homeostasis. Key words: analgesia, epidural infusion, visual analogue scale, central hemodynamics, cardiac rhythm variability.

Objective: to study whether the use of donor blood components can be reduced in patients with baseline anemia during endo-prosthetic replacement of the hip joint. Subjects and methods. The trial was carried out in 262 patients, including 233 patients who had normal preoperative hemoglobin levels and 29 were found to have anemia that was perioperatively corrected using erythropoiesis stimulants (Eprex® (Silag AG, Switzerland)). The patients with normal hemoglobin levels were operated on under normotensive spinal anesthesia (SA) (n=129) and spinal anesthesia with moderate controlled intraoperative hypotension during infusion of microdoses of adrenaline (n=104). All the patients with baseline anemia were operated on under SA with moderate controlled intraoperative hypotension. Results. Preoperative hemopoiesis stimulation in patients with anemia caused a significant increase in hemoglobin and red blood cells in the preoperative period. The volume of intraoperative, drainage, and total blood losses under SA in patients with intraoperative moderate hypotension was significantly lower than that in those with normotensive SA. Throughout the hospitalization, hemotransfusions during erythropoiesis stimulation were needed in 17% of the patients with baseline anemia, in 7% of those with normal preoperative hemoglobin levels, operated on under SA with moderate intraoperative hypotension, and in 40% of those operated on under normotensive SA. Conclusion. The use of erythropoiesis stimulants during preoperative preparation of patients with baseline anemia makes it possible to substantially elevate hemoglobin before surgery and to avoid its considerable postoperative decrease. That of SA with moderate controlled hypotension during endoprosthetic replacement of the hip joint results in the volume of perioperative blood loss, which permits avoidance of packed donor red blood cells in the majority of patients with preoperative anemia during its correction with erythropoiesis stimulants. Key words: endoprosthetic replacement of the hip joint, erythro-poiesis stimulants, spinal anesthesia, blood loss, blood transfusion.

The paper describes a clinical case of early enteral feeding with an immune formula in a patient with significant heart failure after cardiosurgical intervention who is on venoarterial extracorporeal membrane oxygenation. The safety and efficiency of nutritional support were monitored, by estimating blood acid-base balance and oxygenation level and by controlling the residual gastric volume, which enabled the volume of the given enteral mixture to be increased up to 2600 kcal by day 3, by providing the body’s energy needs determined by calculation techniques. On postoperative day 4 when hemodynamic parameters were satisfactory, extracorporeal membrane oxygenation was disconnected; following 7 days the patient was weaned from artificial ventilation. The length of intensive care unit stay was 14 days. The patient was discharged from hospital in a satisfactory condition. Thus, early enteral feeding may be a safe and effective method of nutritional support in patients on extracorporeal circulation. Key words: extracorporeal membrane oxygenation, early enteral feeding, immune nutrition, cardiosurgery.

The paper presents a review of literature on the mechanisms responsible for the development of encephalopathy, such as hemo-dynamic disorders, endothelial damage, apoptosis, and antiapoptosis, in severe concomitant injury without a preponderance of severe brain injury (BI). The proposed markers of the severity of brain damage may be used as components of complex diagnosis of posttraumatic encephalopathy. Key words: concomitant injury, encephalopathy, diagnosis, markers of brain damage.

Objective: to substantiate a procedure for predicting the severity of postperfusion acute heart failure (AHF) from the baseline level of NT-proBNP during myocardial revascularization in patients with a left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF) of less than 35%. Subjects and materials. Fifty-six patients with a LVEF of less than 35% were examined. A total of 3.5±0.1 (range 2—4) coronary arteries were shunted under cardio-pulmonary bypass (CPB) (71.0±5.5 min). The concentration of NT-proBNP was measured before surgery (Cardiac Reader®, Roche). Mortality rates, sympathomimetic agents’ dosages required after EC, and the frequency of use of intraaortic balloon pumping (IABP) were analyzed. Results. A good clinical course was observed in 47 cases (Group 1). AHF was recorded in 9 patients (Group 2). Comparative analysis demonstrated that the preoperative concentration of NT-proBNP (871±111 pg/ml in Group 1 and 1946±236 pg/ml in Group 2) was of the highest prognostic value as compared with the traditional indicators (p=0.0015). Patients with a NT-proBNP concentration of less than 600 pg/ml did not virtually need inotropic therapy after EC. In a group with a biomarker level of 600—1200 mg/ml, the infusion of dopamine and dobutamine achieved the traditional cardiotonic dosages and every three patients needed epinephrine. With NT-proBNP of 1200-2000 pg/ml, mortality from AHF was 15.4%; a need for epinephrine and IABC was 46.4 and 7.7%, respectively. The peptide concentration of more than 2000 pg/ml indicated the extremely high risk of severe AHF. In the postperfusion period, each patient was given epinephrine and an IABC system was installed in half of them. In this group mortality achieved 50%. Conclusion. It is expedient to determine a preoperative NT-proBNP concentration in a LVEF of less than 35% to predict AHF to be occurred after myocardial revascularization. The concentration of less than 1200 pg/ml may be considered to be a safe level of the peptide. Its content increase more than 2000 pg/ml suggests that there is an extremely high risk of severe AHF. The level of this biomarker may be a guide to choose an anesthetic tactic. Key words: NT-proBNP, cardiosurgery, heart failure.